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1.
In wastewater treatment, the development of low-cost separation methods is of significant importance. Low-cost membranes based on natural materials have become a highly active research topic in recent years. Herein, using low-cost natural Moroccan sand, new ceramic supports have been developed and characterized using different techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), along with scanning electron microscope (SEM). Plastic paste (average particle size ≤125 µm) was blended with organic additives and water, then the obtained paste was extruded into porous tubular supports. The support had a porosity of 43%, water permeability of 1928 L/h m2 bar, excellent chemical and mechanical properties and an average pore diameter in the range of 8–15 µm after firing at 950 °C/2 h. As per SEM analysis, the tubular supports had a smooth and crack-free surface. The slip casting process was used to create a microfiltration layer from the same natural sand powder (average particle size ≤63 µm) using a mixture of powder sand, water, and polyvinyl alcohol solution. The water permeability of the microfiltration membrane sintered at 950 °C/2 h was 1052 L/h m2 bar, the average pore size diameter was about 0.90 µm and 82% of pores had a diameter ≤1.00 µm. The obtained microfiltration membrane was tested for the treatment of urban wastewater. The membrane showed excellent separation performance in turbidity removal and chemical oxygen demand.  相似文献   
2.
The removal of the adsorbed oil droplet is critical to deoiling treatment of oil-bearing solid waste. Ultrasonic cavitation is regarded as an extremely useful method to assist the oil droplets desorption in the deoiling treatment. In this paper, the effects of cavitation micro-jets on the oil droplets desorption were studied. The adsorbed states of oil droplets in the oil-contaminated sand were investigated using a microscope. Three representative absorbed states of the oil droplets can be summarized as: (1) the individual oil droplet adsorbed on the particle surface (2) the clustered oil droplets adsorbed on the particle surface; (3) the oil droplet adsorbed in a gap between particles. The micro-jet generation during the bubble collapse near a rigid wall under different acoustic pressure amplitudes at an ultrasonic frequency of 20 kHz was investigated numerically. The desorption processes of the oil droplets at the three representative absorbed states under micro-jets were also simulated subsequently. The results showed that the acoustic pressure has a great influence on the velocity of micro-jet, and the initial diameter of cavitation bubbles is significant for the cross-sectional area of micro-jets. The wall jet caused by a micro-jet impacting on the solid wall is the most important factor for the removal of the absorbed oil droplets. The oil droplet is broken by the jet impinging, and then it breaks away from the solid wall due to the shear force generated by the wall jet. In addition to a higher sound pressure, the cavitation bubble at a larger initial diameter is more important for the desorption of the clustered oil droplets. Conversely, the micro-jet generated by the cavitation bubble at a smaller initial diameter (0.1 mm) is more appropriate for the desorption of the oil droplet in a narrow or sharp-angled gap.  相似文献   
3.
砂土孔隙比及所受压力是其力学特性的重要影响因素. 本文基于砂土临界状态线特性分析,采用以e-(p/pa)ξ平面内的线性关系描述其等向压缩线. 通过对比分析两种不同压缩线函数 与临界状态线函数之间的关系提出更适合描述砂土在等向压缩下的参考压缩线,并给出了基于参考压缩线的等向硬化规律. 建议了适用于 描述砂土剪切特性的屈服面函数,并给出利用等向压缩和等p路径确定屈服面形状参数μ的方法. 将不同应力比对应的压缩线作为砂土状态参量参考线,以获取潜在强度Mf与特征状态应力比Mc,进而描述砂土压缩与剪切特性;基于等向压缩与等p路径建立了当前应力比与状态参量参考线之间的相关关系,从而实现了砂土状 态参量参考线由参考压缩线向临界状态线平稳过渡. 建立的砂土本构模型共11个参数,均能够通过常规土工试验或经验获取. 基于模型预测与Toyoura砂的等向压缩、三轴不排水剪切试验及排水剪切试验的对比结果,本文建立的砂土本构模型很好地描述了Toyoura 砂在不同孔隙比和不同压力下的压缩与剪切特性.   相似文献   
4.
绝缘子表面粗糙处理是提升其沿面闪络性能的重要途径,表面粗糙化处理方式不当,极易带来表面结构不均匀,难以获得稳定耐压性能的绝缘材料。为提升绝缘子表面粗糙处理的均匀性,本文利用表面喷砂技术对圆柱形有机玻璃(PMMA)绝缘子进行了粗糙化处理研究,以球形二氧化硅(SiO2)颗粒为工作介质,研究了不同喷砂粒径、氢氟酸后处理等因素对绝缘材料表面形貌和组分的影响,并利用短脉冲高压测试平台对喷砂处理前后有机玻璃绝缘子样品进行了真空沿面闪络性能测试。研究结果表明,喷砂处理在有机玻璃表面形成了较为均匀的凹坑,HF酸能够有效去除表面残留的SiO2颗粒,具有表面喷砂粗糙结构的绝缘子沿面闪络电压得到了稳定提升,相较于未处理的绝缘子闪络电压提升了约80%。  相似文献   
5.
砂尘浓度指标严重影响砂尘风洞试验效果;在大型砂尘风洞中准确的测量及有效的控制砂尘浓度是砂尘风洞设备研制中的两个关键问题;针对动态试验工况环境中浓度传感器标定的问题,分析了浓度测量时标定参数与风速和浓度的关系,使用模型树算法建立了三者之间的关系模型,以此模型来预测各种动态情况下的标定参数;针对复杂环境下浓度动态控制问题,采用专家PID算法,提出了多回路控制系统结构和专家规则;工程实践表明该测量和控制方法满足了动态试验环境的需求,取得了良好效果;模型树算法和专家PID系统能有效的解决动态工况下砂尘浓度的测量与控制问题。  相似文献   
6.
太赫兹时域光谱技术目前逐渐应用于对岩石的研究中。在制备样品时通常需要将岩石磨碎后与粘合剂混合压片,岩石的含量、粒径等都会对测试结果造成影响。将自然界中常见的石英砂粉末(不同粒径)与聚乙烯(PE)微粒以不同的比例混合,通过压片的手段将其制成适用于太赫兹系统测试的样品,用以探究样品中石英砂的含量以及其粒径对实验结果的影响。首先研究石英砂含量对实验结果造成的影响。在保持样品中石英砂的粒径不变的情况下,发现不同石英砂含量样品的时域光谱图中,时间延迟以及峰值都呈现出非单调的变化趋势。为了探究出现这种现象的原因,对样品的折射率以及吸收系数做了进一步的分析。结果表明样品的折射率会随着样品中石英砂含量的增加而逐渐增大,通过适用于本实验的有效介质理论能够解释这一现象。样品对于太赫兹波段的吸收系数随着石英砂含量的增加呈现出先增大后减小的现象,并且在石英砂质量分数为60%时达到最大值。为了解释这一现象产生的原因,利用扫描电子显微镜对样品的微观形貌进行观察,发现随着石英砂含量的增加,在压制样品时PE颗粒破碎程度加剧,导致PE的粒径变小。根据米氏散射以及瑞利散射的原理,石英砂粒径不变而PE粒径减小,随之降低的散射强度与石英砂的吸收效应发生竞争,从而导致了吸收系数先增大后减小的现象。进一步研究了石英砂粒径对实验结果的影响,对不同粒径的石英砂样品进行测试,发现折射率不随石英砂粒径的变化而改变,但其吸收系数随着石英砂粒径的减小而逐渐减小。根据米氏散射,样品吸收系数的变化是由于散射强度随石英砂粒径的减小而逐渐减小。研究表明,样品中石英砂的含量和粒径都会对实验结果产生影响。石英砂粒径相同时,样品的吸收系数随石英砂含量的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,样品的折射率随石英砂含量的增加而逐渐增大;石英砂含量相同时,样品的吸收系数随石英砂粒径的减小而逐渐减小,而样品的折射率基本不变。这一结论对矿物样品的制备以及对混合物的实验结果分析有一定程度的指导意义。  相似文献   
7.
To avoid radiation exposure in the use of nano zirconia in the ceramics and dentistry industries, a Technologically Enhanced Natural Radioactive Materials (TENORM)-free nano zirconia was required. The purpose of this research was to obtain an environmentally friendly TENORM-free nano zirconia prototype. TENORM-free nano zirconia synthesis consists of processing zircon sand into sodium zirconate, leaching of sodium zirconate to form zirconyl chloride solution, separation of impurities (silica, ThO2, U3O8, etc.), crystallization of zirconyl chloride, zirconyl-oxalate sol-gel formation, and calcination. The quality test of nano zirconia products was characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM, and Surveymeter, while the composition test was carried out by the XRF method. The results of this research obtained an environmentally friendly TENORM-free nano zirconia prototype, that has the chemical compound of ZrO2, the crystal size was 15.09 nm, the average particle size was 91.33 nm, free of radiation exposure, and its composition includes ZrO2: 96.599%, HfO2: 2.899%, and CaO: 0.303%. This synthesis can process zircon sand containing TENORM (ThO2: 0.070% and U3O8: 0.047%) into TENORM-free nano zirconia and increase the added value by increasing the zirconia content from 40.493% to 96.599%.  相似文献   
8.
The present work explains the statics of self-weight transmission restricted to a long prismatic heap inclined at an angle of repose and symmetrically formed on a rigid base. The closure of polarized principal axes with the mobilized state of stress along the slope surface is employed by imposing the orientation of principal stresses on the equilibrium equations. Comparisons were made with calculations based on the finite element method using an elastic model. Moreover, experiments on sand heaps deposited on a rectangular rigid base were conducted to validate the theoretical study. The measured pressure profile generally agreed well with theoretical results.  相似文献   
9.
利用MMS-2A摩擦磨损试验机研究了水介质下砂、氧化铝、研磨子对轮轨增黏与磨损特性影响.结果表明:干态和水介质下随蠕滑率增大黏着系数呈先增加后小幅降低并趋于稳定.水介质下氧化铝介质的增黏效果最好,研磨子最差;砂介质使轮轨磨损严重且塑性流变层最厚,轮轨试样表面剥落严重;氧化铝介质下轮轨磨损量较砂介质小,塑性流变层轻微;研磨子介质下的轮轨试样磨损量最小,磨损表面较为光滑;落叶显著降低黏着系数,且易形成落叶浆,使接触表面产生划痕;落叶工况下撒砂能增加黏着系数且能去除落叶浆,但易造成轮轨试样的剥落损伤.  相似文献   
10.
本文结合DIC方法对砂土体系进行可视化的直剪试验。通过对所采集的数字图片进行预处理,得到利于计算砂土体系细观参数的优质图片,经过图像分割和区域标记,最后利用MATLAB计算得到体系孔隙率、定向率和各向异性率等细观参数。对图像进行DIC计算分析,得到砂土颗粒体系的位移等值线云图,分析了体系内的砂土颗粒在直剪试验中的运动情况,并定性描述了位移突变对体系部分力链传递过程的影响。  相似文献   
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