现代分析仪器在高中化学教学中的应用*——以“防晒霜的防晒效果实验探究”为例

从高中化学原子、分子等抽象性的知识教学出发,以防晒霜的防晒效果实验探究为例,探讨了现代分析仪器在高中化学教学中的应用。通过利用现代分析仪器紫外可见分光光度计,结合紫外线变色球实验探究防晒霜的防晒效果,分析并认识防晒霜中化学防晒的机理。结果表明,防晒霜的厚度越大、SPF越高,防晒霜的防晒效果越好,并且防晒霜的防晒效果可以持续一段时间,但是不同类型的防晒产品存在一定差异。在化学教学中渗透现代分析仪器的应用,为学生进一步了解化学学科在改变学习方式、拓宽学科知识领域、推动自身全面与可持续发展方面打下坚实的基础。     

超导磁共振仪器设备国产化现状及挑战

磁共振在化学分析和医学影像等领域发挥着不可或缺的作用，而磁共振仪器设备是开展磁共振研究的必要前提.长期以来，国外仪器厂商在我国磁共振仪器市场居于垄断地位.近年来，随着我国在磁共振仪器研发和产业化方面不断取得进展，市场份额为外商垄断的局面已大为改观.本文调研综述了我国磁共振仪器设备研制的现状，以及面临的若干挑战.     

Benefiting from information-rich multi-frequency AC voltammetry coupled with chemometrics on the example of on-line monitoring of leveler component of electroplating bath

Simultaneous application of multiple sinusoidal waveforms perturbations superimposed onto DC staircase step significantly enriches current response. The measured current is characterized by a matrix of data rather than a conventional voltammetric output in a form of a vector. This increase of the dimensionality of the current response and therefore the wealth of analytical information is achieved without compromising the time of analysis. The natural approach for compression of such data and extraction of relevant information is by utilizing multi-way chemometric decomposition techniques. An electroplating solution presents a very challenging analyte for electroanalysis as its constituents interact synergistically with each other during both the plating process and its simulation during electroanalysis. For some components the mechanism is not entirely understood. Therefore, the only way to benefit from the analytical data is by employing soft modeling. The electrode processes involving additives rely heavily on adsorption and, indirectly, on electron transfer kinetics for which AC voltammetry is an analytical technique capable of delivering informative signals. This paper presents a rigorous universal method for calculating and validating an exemplary multi-way calibration of a leveler component in a copper electroplating bath used in the semiconductor industry. The method presented employs comparatively Parallel Factor Analysis coupled with Inverse Least Squares Regression and multi-linear Partial Least Squares. The calibration training set consists of multi-frequency AC voltammetric data subjected to pretreatments aiming to select informative independent variables and exclude outliers.     

捷联惯导系统(SINS)敏感器斜向配置技术

以四个敏感器的冗余系统为例，对采用冗余敏感器的惯导系统的可靠性进行了分析，对四个敏感器构成的捷联惯导系统的可靠性进行了仿真实验，验证了冗余敏感器可以提高系统可靠性结论的正确性。中给出非正交敏感器测量值向惯导系统正交坐标系转化的方法和转换矩阵。最后对冗余敏感器的配置方式进行了分析。通过仿真实验，得到敏感器最佳配置的条件。     

Torsion pendula with electromagnetic drive and detection system for measuring the complex shear modulus of liquids in the frequency range 80–2500 Hz

An apparatus for the measurement of liquid complex shear viscosity in the frequency range 80–2500 Hz, with the use of a torsion pendulum operating in forced oscillation, is described. The drive and detection system consists of a magnet inside the pendulum, two excitation and two measuring coils. The determination of the complex shear viscosity is based on the measurement of the resonance frequency and the damping of the torsion pendulum.The feasibility of this method is demonstrated with a number of Newtonian liquids in the viscosity range 0.3 to 60 m Pa s. Results for a viscoelastic polymer solution are presented. A comparison is made with other apparatus working in the same frequency range. a coil height - A apparatus constant - B magnetic induction - C ₁,C ₂ apparatus constants - d diameter torsion rod - D pendulum damping - E apparatus constant - F ₀ top frequency - G shear modulus torsion rod - G ^* =G + iG complex shear modulus - h length torsion rod - H transfer function - i - I moment of inertia - J ₀ excitation-current amplitude - J _exc excitation current - K torsion spring constant - l length pendulum mass - M torque - n number of coil turns - p dipole moment - Q = ₀/ mechanical quality - r radius pendulum mass - R Re {Z} - t time - T temperature - U induction voltage - U ₀ induction-voltage amplitude - x distance - X Im {Z} - Z = R + iX liquid impedance - Z _cyl characteristic cylindrical impedance - Z _pl characteristic plane impedance - angle - _M coefficient of linear expansion of the pendulum mass - _R coefficient of linear expansion of the torsion rod - rate of shear - penetration depth - steady-state viscosity - _s solvent viscosity - angular displacement - ₀ angular-displacement amplitude - µ ₀ =4 10^–7 Vs/Am - density - phase angle - angular frequency - ₀ top angular frequency - band-width     

复合纤维增强混凝土阻尼测试装置开发与试验研究

纤维与聚合物的掺入可以明显改善混凝土材料的阻尼性能。本文首先给出了正弦交变激励下粘弹性材料三点弯曲梁阻尼特性关系,其次首次自主开发了大尺寸材料的阻尼性能测试装置,然后利用开发的装置在频率(0.5~2.0Hz)条件下测定了6种不同配比复合纤维增强阻尼混凝土的损耗因子与储存模量,最后对纤维的阻尼增强机理进行了初步探讨。试验结果表明:复合纤维增强阻尼混凝土与素混凝土相比,提高了混凝土的损耗因子80%~200%。主要原因是聚合物分子在外力作用下的内耗增加了普通混凝土的阻尼能力,而纤维的阻尼增强机理在于纤维的掺入增加了纤维与水泥基材的界面摩擦力。     

用自制仪器精确测定变温液体的粘滞系数

介绍了用恒流法自制仪器精确测定液体的粘滞系数.该自制仪器,能有效地保证底部的密封性、液体水位恒定和可操作性,还增设一个玻璃管连通器,附加一根标尺和游标使液体水位的测量精确度提高.并在接毛细管输出液体的量筒处加上光电计使测量液体流速的精确度提高,采用该仪器测定了水和乙醇两种液体在变温条件下的粘滞系数,经实验比对,所测得结果与理论值能较好地吻合.同时设计了可调换不同管径的毛细管,能快速准确地测量多种变温液体的粘滞系数.     

无刷直流力矩电机系统的自适应扰动力矩补偿研究

陀螺漂移测试转台无刷直流力矩电机系统中存在波动力矩和负载力矩振动，这严重地影响了转台速率平稳度。为提高转台速率状态位置跟踪精度，设计了一种自适应补偿方法。该方法包含一个参自适应律和等效PID控制律，它利用前馈补偿原理，来估计电机中未知参数以及波动力矩和负载力矩参数并给与补偿。该自适应补偿方法保证了闭环系统全局稳定性和对期望位置信号的渐进跟踪。仿真结果证明：该方法有效地提高了转台速率状态跟踪精度。     

运动控制的数字随动系统

介绍了采用数字随动系统解决模拟伺服回路的设计技术，即选用智能化运动控制处理器用于无刷或有刷直流电动机控制。这种技术具有实时采集，操作简单，可靠性高，精度高等优点，在导航系统、雷达系统、火炮系统、汽车等领域具有广阔的发展前景。