Optimization of Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Lycopodiaceae Alkaloids Obtained from Two Lycopodium Species

Alkaloids of the Lycopodiaceae family are of great interest to researchers due to their numerous properties and wide applications in medicine. They play a very important role mainly due to their potent antioxidant, antidepressant effects and a reversible ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activity. This property is of immense importance due to the growing problem of an increasing number of patients with neurodegenerative diseases in developed countries and a lack of effective and efficient treatment for them. Numerous studies have shown that Lycopodiaceae alkaloids are a rich source of AChE inhibitors. In the obtaining of new therapeutic phytochemicals from plant material, the extraction process and its efficiency is crucial. Therefore, the aim of this work was to optimize the conditions of modern PLE to obtain bioactive alkaloids from two Lycopodium species: L. clavatum L. and L. annotinum L. Five different solvents of different polarity were used for prepared plant extracts in order to compare the alkaloid content in and thereby effectiveness of the entire extraction. PLE parameters were used based on multiple studies conducted that gave the highest alkaloids recovery. Crude extracts were purified using solid-phase extraction (SPE) on Oasis HLB cartridge and examined by HPLC/ESI-QTOF–MS of the highly abundant alkaloids. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time such high recoveries have been obtained for known Lycopodiaceae alkaloids. The best extraction results of alkaloid-lycopodine were detected in the dichloromethane extract from L. clavatum, where the yield exceeded 45%. The high recovery of annotinine above 40% presented in L. annotinum was noticed in dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts. Moreover, chromatograms were obtained with all isolated alkaloids and the best separation and quality of the bands in methanolic extracts. Interestingly, no alkaloid amounts were detected in cyclohexane extracts belonging to the non-polar solvent. These results could be helpful for understanding and optimizing the best conditions for isolating potent AChE inhibitors.     

MD-UNET: Multi-input dilated U-shape neural network for segmentation of bladder cancer

Accurate segmentation of the tumour area is crucial for the treatment and prognosis of patients with bladder cancer. However, the complex information from the MRI image poses an important challenge for us to accurately segment the lesion, for example, the high distinction among people, size of bladder variation and noise interference. Based on the above issues, we propose an MD-Unet network structure, which uses multi-scale images as the input of the network, and combines max-pooling with dilated convolution to increase the receptive field of the convolutional network. The results show that the proposed network can obtain higher precision than the existing models for the bladder cancer dataset. The MD-Unet can achieve state-of-art performance compared with other methods.     

两种药物膀胱灌注治疗间质性膀胱炎的临床疗效观察

目的 观察并比较透明质酸钠、碱化利多卡因联合肝素膀胱灌注治疗膀胱疼痛综合征/ 间质性膀胱炎（BPS/IC）的临 床疗效。方法 将63 例BPS/IC 患者按随机单盲的原则分成A、B 两组,A 组32 例,B 组31 例。A 组患者予膀胱灌注透明质酸钠40ml;B 组予膀胱灌注碱化利多卡因联合肝素治疗,即用5%碳酸氢钠10ml、2%利多卡因10ml、肝素钠2.5 万U 和0.9%氯化钠15ml的混合液行膀胱灌注。两组均保留40~60min,每周2 次,4周后改为每周1 次,共16 次。观察两组患者用药前及用药开始后4、12周时的O’Leary-Sant平均症状评分（ICPI）、问题评分（ICSI）及生活质量评分（QOL）,并记录不良反应。结果 两组患者治疗开始后4周和12 周ICPI、ICSI 及QOL评分均有明显改善,与治疗前比较均有统计学差异（均P＜0.05）。治疗4 周后两组的ICPI、ICSI 及QOL 评分下降分值比较均无统计学差异（均P＞0.05）,但治疗12 周后A 组的ICPI、ICSI 及QOL评分下降分值较B 组更为明显（均P＜0.05）。所有患者治疗过程中均未发生明显不良反应。结论 透明质酸钠及碱化利多卡因联合肝素膀胱灌注均能改善BPS/IC患者的临床症状,而透明质酸钠疗效更为显著。     

硫氰酸盐光度法测定加压氧化钼精矿萃取液中的钼

本研究 采用硝酸-硫酸-磷酸混合酸溶解试样,建立了硫氰酸盐法测定钼精矿加压氧化萃取液中钼含量的测定方法。对试样的分解方法进行了研究,并通过还原剂选择、酸度的影响及显色条件等一系列条件试验,确定出了最佳试验方法。采用本法对试液进行多次测定,相对标准偏差RSD为<小于1％。试验结果表明,该方法有较高的精密度,测定结果准确可靠,现已成功应用于实际生产检测中。     

大同烟煤增压富氧燃烧过程中硫、氯和氟的析出特性

利用高压热重结合傅里叶红外研究了大同烟煤在增压富氧燃烧过程中硫、氯和氟的释放行为,主要考察压力对其析出特性的影响。实验结果表明,压力的改变对煤中硫、氯和氟的迁移转化均有显著影响。随着压力的升高,黄铁矿硫向COS等中间产物的转化率逐渐增加,导致SO2的收率逐步上升,但在3 MPa时,燃煤SO2收率却有所降低。此外,压力升高后反应气氛中CO分压的增加促进了COS的生成,导致其收率逐渐上升。因为煤中有机氯析出和转化与挥发分的释放密切相关,所以高压下挥发分释放量的增加使得煤中有更多的有机氯析出并转化为HCl,而且压力升高后,挥发分燃烧速率和温度的升高促进了无机氟化物分解,HF生成量相应增加。此外,高压下水解反应的强化也提高了HF的收率。     

有压腔式吸热器复杂耦合换热机理数值研究

本文建立了有压腔式太阳能吸热器(PVSR)轴对称计算模型,运用蒙特卡罗光线追踪法(MCRT)模拟了二次聚光器(SC)与有压腔式吸热器(PVR)系统内聚光过程与光热转换过程,进而与计算流体与传热的有限容积方法(FVM)结合研究了高温高压吸热器内复杂耦合传热过程.在此基础上,进一步对比考察了考虑不同换热过程的换热机理,分析...     

分子动力学模拟压水反应堆中联氨对水的影响

本文采用分子动力学方法模拟在常温常压下(1 atm,298 K)和在压水堆环境下(155 atm,626 K),水分子数为256,联氨(N₂H₄)分子数为0,25,50,75等不同数目时,水和联氨粒子系统的动力性质和微观结构.同时探讨了联氨分子的引入对水中溶解氧的影响.从模拟结果可知,在常温常压下,当联氨的分子数为0,25,50,75时,粒子系统的均方位移会随联氨分子数的增加而增加;联氨分子数为0与为25,50,75比较时会少一个数量级;压水堆环境下,联氨分子数 关键词： 分子动力学 压水堆 联氨     

吉林某弹药销毁场土壤炸药污染调查及其赋存状态研究

研究吉林某军事弹药销毁场土壤炸药污染程度以及炸药在土壤中的赋存状态,为炸药和重金属污染土壤修复提供针对性策略。采集了某弹药销毁厂焚烧销毁区表层土壤样品,分析了其理化性质和常见重金属元素含量,测试了土壤全样和不同颗粒度土壤样品中炸药污染物的含量,并结合热重-傅里叶变换红外光谱(TGA-FTIR) 对炸药污染土壤样品热力学行为的表征,探讨了炸药污染物的赋存状态,炸药和重金属组合污染特征等。土壤中含有高浓度的TNT、DNT、ADNT、RDX等炸药污染物及其降解产物,并表现出土壤细颗粒富集趋势,其中土壤全样中TNT总浓度达到了1.66×104 mg·kg-1,远远高于EPA推荐的土壤TNT指导限值,RDX超过了以土壤环境为目标的指导限值;销毁活动还造成了土壤中Pb、Cu、Zn重金属浓度的升高,分别为400 mg·kg-1,318 mg·kg-1,1030 mg·kg-1。土壤中受到重金属和有机质等因素的影响,土壤中经过长期老化的炸药污染物的热解行为明显不同于自由态的炸药分子,热解温度升高、过程延长。在销毁区炸药污染土壤的修复中,应加强炸药污染物与重金属相互作用的研究,并在修复治理实践中采取协同修复的策略。     

分子动力学模拟压水反应堆中氢气对水的影响

通过分子动力学方法模拟了在常温常压下(1 atm, 298 K)和在压水堆环境下(155 atm, 626 K), 水分子数为256, 氢分子数为0, 25, 50, 75和100等不同数目时, 粒子系统的动力学性质和微观结构, 分析了不同氢气对水中溶解氧的影响. 从模拟结果可知, 在常温常压和压水堆环境下, 当氢粒子数分别为0, 25, 50, 75和100时, 粒子系统的均方位移会随氢分子数增加而增加, 并且常温常压下的增长幅度远小于压水堆环境下的增长幅度, 如压水堆环境下氢分子数为75时系统的均方位移约是常温常压下氢分子数为75时系统的均方位移的6.02倍, 比压水堆环境下氢分子数0时系统的均方位移增加了131.88%. 此外, 粒子系统的微观结构, 从径向分布函数看, 在常温常压下随着氢分子数目的增加而小幅度增加, 这与常温常压下因氢气溶解在水中增大了氧离子周围的粒子密度相符合. 而在压水堆环境下, 氢分子数为75, 50, 25与为0时的水比较, 其径向分布均不会有太大的变化, 而分子数为100时会出现明显增加, 与为0时的水比较其径向分布增加了22.00%. 模拟结果表明, 往压水堆中的水加入氢气能明显地抑制水中的溶解氧.