双激光脉冲打靶形成Gd等离子体的极紫外光谱辐射

高端芯片制造所需要的极紫外光刻技术位于我国当前面临35项"卡脖子"关键核心技术之首.高转换效率的极紫外光源是极紫外光刻系统的重要组成部分.本文通过采用双激光脉冲打靶技术实现较强的6.7 nm极紫外光输出.首先,理论计算Gd¹⁸⁺—Gd²⁷⁺离子最外层4d壳层的4p-4d和4d-4f能级之间跃迁、以及Gd¹⁴⁺—Gd¹⁷⁺离子最外层4f壳层的4d-4f能级之间跃迁对波长为6.7 nm附近极紫外光的贡献.其后开展实验研究,结果表明,随着双脉冲之间延时的逐渐增加,波长为6.7 nm附近的极紫外光辐射强度呈现先减弱、后增加、之后再减弱的变化趋势,在双脉冲延时为100 ns处产生的极紫外光辐射最强.并且,在延时为100 ns处产生的光谱效率最高,相比于单脉冲激光产生的光谱效率提升了33%.此外,发现双激光脉冲打靶技术可以有效地减弱等离子体的自吸收效应,获得的6.7 nm附近极紫外光谱宽度均小于单激光脉冲打靶的情形,且在脉冲延时为30 ns时刻所产生的光谱宽度最窄,约为单独主脉冲产生极紫外光谱宽度的1/3.同时...     

射频等离子制备石墨烯负载Co3O4催化剂及其析氧性能研究

氢能的引入能有效提升配电网的供电可靠性,而电解水制氢是实现低碳转型的关键技术,开发高效的电解水催化剂势在必行。过渡金属氧化物储量大、催化活性高,是具有广阔应用前景的析氧反应催化剂。本文通过射频等离子体处理制备石墨烯上负载Co₃O₄析氧催化剂,XRD、Raman和XPS测试结果显示,二维结构石墨烯的引入加速表面电子迁移,增大了反应面积。等离子体处理促进了纳米粒子在石墨烯上的负载,利用等离子体刻蚀作用在催化剂表面制造出大量碳结构缺陷和氧空位结构,改善了活性位点分布,有效调控Co₃O₄电子结构,提高析氧催化活性。电化学测试表明,本文中合成的Co₃O₄@rGO在电流密度为50 mA·cm^-2时的过电位为410 mV,动力学反应速率较快,表现出优于商业IrO₂的析氧催化活性。     

Fabrication of an ionic‐liquid‐based polymer monolithic column and its application in the fractionation of proteins from complex biosamples

An ionic‐liquid‐based polymer monolithic column was synthesized by free radical polymerization within the confines of a stainless‐steel column (50 mm × 4.6 mm id). In the processes, ionic liquid and stearyl methacrylate were used as dual monomers, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the cross‐linking agent, and polyethylene glycol 200 and isopropanol as co‐porogens. Effects of the prepolymerization solution components on the properties of the resulting monoliths were studied in detail. Scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption–desorption measurements, and mercury intrusion porosimetry were used to investigate the morphology and pore size distribution of the prepared monoliths, which showed that the homemade ionic‐liquid‐based monolith column possessed a relatively uniform macropore structure with a total macropore specific surface area of 44.72 m²/g. Compared to a non‐ionic‐liquid‐based monolith prepared under the same conditions, the ionic‐liquid‐based monolith exhibited excellent selectivity and high performance for separating proteins from complex biosamples, such as egg white, snailase, bovine serum albumin digest solution, human plasma, etc., indicating promising applications in the fractionation and analysis of proteins from the complex biosamples in proteomics research.     

Coupling nanoliter high‐performance liquid chromatography to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for arsenic speciation

Nanoliter high‐performance liquid chromatography shows low consumption of solvents and samples, offering one of the best choices for arsenic speciation in precious samples in combination with inuctively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. A systematic investigation on coupling nanoliter high‐performance liquid chromatography to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry from instrument design to injected sample volume and mobile phase was performed in this study. Nanoflow mobile phase was delivered by flow splitting using a conventional high‐pressure pump with reuse of mobile phase waste. Dead volume was minimized to 60 nL for the sheathless interface based on the previously developed nanonebulizer. Capillary columns for nanoliter high‐performance liquid chromatography were found to be sensitive to sample loading volume. An apparent difference was also found between the mobile phases for nanoliter and conventional high‐performance liquid chromatography. Baseline separation of arsenite, arsenate, monomethylarsenic, and dimethylarsenic was achieved within 11 min on a 15 cm C₁₈ capillary column and within 12 min on a 25 cm strong anion exchange column. Detection limits of 0.9–1.8 μg/L were obtained with precisions variable in the range of 1.6–4.2%. A good agreement between determined and certified values of a certified reference material of human urine (GBW 09115) validated its accuracy along with good recoveries (87–102%).     

Accurate,sensitive determination of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in human plasma,urine samples

Quantitative determination of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in human plasma and urine with high accuracy and precision provides significant information to monitor the underlying etiology of several diseases. In this regard, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry is a good choice owing to its great selectivity and sensitivity. Additionally, the hybrid quadrupole–time of flight–mass spectrometer systems provides easy identification of target compounds with superior mass measurements. In this study, an analytical method has been developed for simple, accurate and simultaneous determination of linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in a short chromatographic analysis period. The developed method is suitable for the quantitative detection of these four compounds with detection limits ranging between 1.1–3.0 ng ml⁻¹ and its applicability was assessed in human urine and plasma samples. As a result, acceptable accuracy (between 83 and 111%) and good precision (<6%) were obtained for target compounds using matrix matching calibration strategy.     

Waves in plasma formed by above-threshold ionization of gas atoms

In the regime of above-threshold ionization of gas atom in the field of laser radiation, plasma with photoelectron distribution consisting of peaks at discrete energy values is formed. It is shown that the number of longitudinal waves in such plasma coincides with the number of peaks in the distribution function. When peaks practically don't overlap, the dispersion law of each wave in the region of short waves is determined by electrons from the corresponding peak. In this case the phase and group velocities of the waves are close to the electron velocity, which corresponds to the peak maximum. It is possible to talk about such waves as an electronic sound, since the perturbations of the electron density mainly arise due to pressure perturbations. When the peaks are narrow, but having a finite width, the Cherenkov damping of waves is exponentially small. Numerical calculations the dispersion laws for of the two and four waves in photoionized xenon plasma, in which the electron distribution function consists of two or four narrow peaks are given.     

Effects of axial magnetic field and nonextensivity on small amplitude dust acoustic solitary waves in dusty plasma

The nonlinear propagation of small amplitude dust‐acoustic (DA) solitary waves in magnetized dusty plasma consisting of negatively charged mobile dust fluid, and Boltzmann‐distributed electrons and ions with two distinct temperatures following a q‐nonextensive distribution are investigated. In this article, a number of nonlinear equations, namely, the Korteweg–de‐Vries (K‐dV) equations, have been derived by employing the reductive perturbation technique that is valid for a small but finite amplitude limit. The effects of nonextensivity of ions with two distinct temperatures and dust concentration on the amplitude and width of DA solitary waves are investigated theoretically. It is observed that both the nonextensive and low‐temperatures ions significantly modify the basic properties and polarities of DA solitary waves. It is shown that both positive and negative potential DA solitons occur in this case. The implications of these results to some astrophysical environments and space plasmas (e.g., stellar polytropes, peculiar velocity distributions of galaxies, and collisionless thermal plasma), and laboratory dusty plasma systems are briefly mentioned.     

离子液体在大气压等离子体中稳定性研究

采用发射光谱、紫外可见吸收光谱、红外吸收光谱和核磁共振技术分析1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐（[Bmim]HSO₄）, 1-丁基吡啶硫酸氢盐（HSO₄）和1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟化硼（[Bmim]BF₄）三种离子液体在大气压介质阻挡放电氩等离子体体系中的稳定性，并分别以上述三种离子液体为辅助液采用大气压介质阻挡放电等离子体技术制备TiO₂，进一步研究三种离子液体在等离子体中的稳定性对所制备的TiO₂晶相结构的影响。结果表明：向大气压介质阻挡放电氩等离子体中分别引入[Bmim]HSO₄，HSO₄和[Bmim]BF₄离子液体后并未改变氩等离子体放电光谱谱峰的位置和数量且没有新的谱峰生成，但谱峰强度都明显降低，说明上述三种离子液体没有在等离子体区蒸发形成激发态物种；[Bmim]HSO₄和HSO₄放电前后的红外吸收光谱基本一致，表明离子液体在放电后的化学键未发生改变；[Bmim]HSO₄和HSO₄的紫外可见吸收光谱显示其吸收峰的位置和强度未发生改变，说明两种离子液体在等离子体作用后的结构是稳定的；[Bmim]BF₄放电前后的红外吸收光谱各个特征峰并无明显差异，但其紫外可见吸收光谱图谱吸收峰的位置却发生较大的偏移，进一步对放电前后的[Bmim]BF₄离子液体进行核磁共振分析，两者的1H NMR峰数相同，但放电后的离子液体化学位移向高位偏移大约0.2单位，说明其化学环境发生了变化，表明有部分[Bmim]BF₄结构发生改变。光谱和核磁共振技术分析表明离子液体[Bmim]BF₄在等离子体作用后结构发生了改变。采用三种离子液体辅助大气压介质阻挡放电等离子体技术制备TiO₂样品的X-射线衍射分析结果表明 [Bmim]HSO₄和HSO₄辅助制备的HSO₄-TiO₂和[Bmim]HSO₄-TiO₂，谱图与锐钛矿相TiO₂标准谱图基本一致，表明所制备的TiO₂为纯锐钛矿型。而[Bmim]BF₄辅助制备的[Bmim]BF₄-TiO₂在2θ=24.1°处的衍射峰向小角度偏移，2θ=48°处的衍射峰向大角度偏移，说明[Bmim]BF₄在辅助制备TiO₂过程中，F进入TiO₂的晶格，破坏了TiO₂原子间的平衡状态，生成了F掺杂TiO₂光催化材料。F掺杂TiO₂光催化材料的形成也间接证明了离子液体[Bmim]BF₄在大气压等离子体中的不稳定性，此结果与核磁共振及紫外可见光的检测结果相一致。同时说明离子液体在等离子体的作用下对于纯锐钛矿晶格的形成和促进高活性掺杂型的光催化材料具有重要作用。为等离子体辅助离子液体制备高性能纳米材料提供重要的实验和理论依据。     

Comparative pharmacokinetic study of four major bioactive components after oral administration of Zhi‐Zi‐Hou‐Po decoction in normal and corticosterone‐induced depressive rats

A highly selective and efficient LC–MS/MS method was developed to determine the plasma concentration of magnolol, hesperidin, neohesperidin and geniposide following oral administration of Zhi‐Zi‐Hou‐Po decoction in normal and depressed rats. Plasma samples were pretreated by protein precipitation with methanol. Chromatographic separation was performed on an XTerra^® MS C₁₈ column using a gradient elution with a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile–0.1% aqueous formic acid. The proposed method was validated to be specific, accurate and precise for the analytes determination in plasma samples. The calibration curves displayed good linearity over definite concentration ranges for the analytes. The intra‐ and inter‐day precision of the proposed method at three different levels were all within <11.13% and the relative errors ranged from ?8.46 to 8.93%. The recovery of the four compounds ranged from 82.72 to 89.08% and no apparent matrix effect was observed during sample analysis. After full validation, the established method was successfully applied for comparing the pharmacokinetics of four components between normal and depressed rats. The results showed that the AUC and C_max of four analytes in depressed rats were significantly different from those in normal rats and might provide helpful information to guide the clinical use of Zhi‐Zi‐Hou‐Po to treat depression.