A theory of finite tensile deformation of double-network hydrogels

A continuum damage model was developed to describe the finite tensile deformation of tough double-network (DN) hydrogels synthesized by polymerization of a water-soluble monomer inside a highly crosslinked rigid polyelectrolyte network. Damage evolution in DN hydrogels was characterized by performing loading-unloading tensile tests and oscillatory shear rheometry on DN hydrogels synthesized from 3-sulfopropyl acrylate potassium salt (SAPS) and acrylamide (AAm). The model can explain all the mechanical features of finite tensile deformation of DN hydrogels, including idealized Mullins effect and permanent set observed after unloading, qualitatively and quantitatively. The constitutive equation can describe the finite elasto-plastic tensile behavior of DN hydrogels without resorting to a yield function. It was showed that tensile mechanics of DN hydrogels in the model is controlled by two material parameters which are related to the elastic moduli of first and second networks. In effect, the ratio of these two parameters is a dimensionless number that controls the behavior of material. The model can capture the stable branch of material response during neck propagation where engineering stress becomes constant. Consistent with experimental data, by increasing the elastic modulus of the second network the finite tensile behavior of the DN hydrogel changes from necking to strain hardening.     

9-(4-溴丁基)-9H-咔唑的相转移催化合成、表征及室温磷光性能研究——推荐一个大学化学综合实验

推荐了一个大学化学综合实验"9-(4-溴丁基)-9H-咔唑的相转移催化合成、表征及室温磷光性能研究"。实验利用相转移催化合成9-(4-溴丁基)-9H-咔唑分子,采用核磁共振、高分辨质谱和红外光谱对其分子结构进行表征,并利用紫外-可见吸收光谱、稳态/瞬态荧光光谱和密度泛函(DFT)理论计算对其室温磷光性能进行研究。本综合实验涵盖了有机化学、分析化学、物理化学、仪器分析以及理论化学的知识点,建议纳入化学专业高年级综合实验课程。     

以学生为中心的递进式“精细化工”实验教学

针对学生实验课积极性不高、实验教学效果不理想的问题，对一门选修课"精细化工"的实验进行了重新思考和设计，让学生参与从实验具体内容制定、操作到结果讨论的整个过程，并首次以"递进式"实验的方式由学生参与第2次实验（基于前一个实验的改进和完善），使学生了解理论知识转化为可行实验方案的具体做法，切身体会在实验原理相同的情况下，实验方案的细微调整对实验结果的巨大影响。结果表明，这种"以学生为中心"的改进能让学生注重实验细节，同时关注实验失败的原因，并在第2次实验中及时修正。这为学生实验综合素质的培养提供了一种教学思路。     

“巴斯夫(R)小小化学家”活动对我国中学化学实验教学的启示

通过对“巴斯夫”及“巴斯夫®小小化学家”在中国开展情况的介绍，结合部分经典实验案例发现可以通过借助主题探究，发展深度学习能力；设计微型实验，感知绿色化学理念；加强学科融合，推进创新思维培养；关注化学启蒙，落实实验进阶教学；利用社会资源，不拘一格造就人才等方式提高中学生的化学核心素养。     

单原子铂催化剂的制备及其低温催化氧化一氧化碳

以氧化石墨烯为载体，单原子铂（Pt）为活性组分，利用化学还原法制备了单原子Pt/rGO催化剂，用在催化氧化一氧化碳（CO）反应中。通过透射电子显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、球差电镜、傅里叶红外光谱仪对单原子Pt催化剂进行表征。考察了金属负载量、反应温度对催化剂性能的影响，利用气相色谱对CO氧化反应性能进行评价。此次实验包含催化剂的制备、表征和性能测试，实验难度适中，贴近科研前沿，可以让学生体验一个综合的科研过程，激发学生的科研兴趣，培养学生的科研能力。     

Dissolvable layered double hydroxide as a sorbent in dispersive micro‐solid phase extraction for the determination of acidic quinolones in honey by HPLC

This study presents a simple and green dispersive micro‐solid phase extraction method for preconcentration of acidic quinolones from honey prior to high performance liquid chromatography determination. A two‐dimensional nanostructured zinc‐aluminum layered double hydroxide was synthesized and used as the sorbent for dispersive micro‐solid phase extraction. Its different characteristics from conventional sorbents is that it is dissolvable in acidic solution (pH < 4). After the extraction, the analyte elution step was omitted and thus the use of organic solvents was avoided. The key parameters influencing the extraction efficiency such as the amount of sorbent, pH of sample solution, vortex time, type and volume of acidic solution were investigated and optimized. The method exhibited low limits of detection (3.0?5.0 ng/g), good linearity (10?2000 ng/g) with coefficients of determinations higher than 0.9991, acceptable precision (RSD<9.1%) and accuracy (RE<5.8%). The proposed method is fast, efficient, eco‐friendly, and suitable for the determination of acidic quinolones in honey samples.     

对比实验法在无机及分析化学实验教学中的应用——以银量法测定氯含量实验为例

介绍莫尔法和荧光黄法测定生理盐水中氯化钠含量的实验原理和操作步骤，针对无机及分析化学实验教学中测定氯含量实验的原理、指示剂、标准溶液、滴定条件及适用范围等内容进行比较和分析，阐明了不同实验方法与操作步骤之间的对应关系。学生根据预习实验，结合具体实验操作、实验现象和实验结果的对比，可以充分直观地理解实验内容，掌握无机及分析化学实验的学习方法，提高学生的发现问题和解决问题的能力。     

新型表面活性剂的合成与表征综合实验设计

将专业综合实验与科研成果相结合,设计了新型表面活性剂的合成与表征综合化学实验。实验涉及含羟基基团的表面活性剂的合成、纯化、结构表征和性能测定等操作。该综合实验将有机化学基础知识、表面活性剂的基本性质与前沿科学研究相结合,从而实现学生实验技能的提升、认知视野的拓展和综合能力培养的目标。     

Capturing the experimental behaviour of a point-absorber WEC by simplified numerical models

The paper presents a wave basin experiment of a direct-driven point-absorber wave energy converter moving in six degrees of freedom. The goal of the work is to study the dynamics and energy absorption of the wave energy converter, and to verify under which conditions numerical models restricted to heave can capture the behaviour of a point-absorber moving in six degrees of freedom. Several regular and irregular long-crested waves and different damping values of the power take-off system have been tested. We collected data in terms of power output, device motion in six degrees of freedom and wave elevation at different points of the wave basin. A single-body numerical model in the frequency domain and a two-body model in the time domain are used in the study. Motion instabilities due to parametric resonance observed during the experiments are discussed and analysis of the buoy motion in terms of the Mathieu instability is also presented. Our results show that the simplified models can reproduce the body dynamics of the studied converter as long as the transverse non-linear instabilities are not excited, which typically is the case in irregular waves. The performance of the more complex time domain model is able to reproduce both the buoy and PTO dynamics, while the simpler frequency domain model can only reproduce the PTO dynamics for specific cases. Finally, we show that the two-body dynamics of the studied wave energy converter affects the power absorption significantly, and that common assumptions in the numerical models, such as stiff mooring line or that the float moves only in heave, may lead to incorrect predictions for certain sea states.     

电镀铜实验中镀层性质及其影响因素的探究*

电镀实验是电解原理应用的重要案例,通过实验不仅要获得定性的感性认知,还应该获得定量的理性数据。针对电镀铜实验,通过改变铜离子浓度、pH、电解时间、电解电压和电解温度等因素,探究其对镀层厚度、均匀性和致密性等性质的影响,在电解原理的基础上分析其形成机制,从而确定了电镀铜较适宜的操作条件,以此为学生开展电镀实验提供参考案例与研究思路。