非线性玻尔兹曼方程的傅里叶谱方法

玻尔兹曼方程作为空气动理学中最基本的方程之一,是连接微观牛顿力学和宏观连续介质力学的重要桥梁.该方程描述了一个由大量粒子组成的复杂系统的非平衡态时间演化:除了基本的输运项,其最重要的特性是粒子间的相互碰撞由一个高维,非局部且非线性的积分算子来描述,从而给玻尔兹曼方程的数值求解带来非常大的挑战.在过去的二十年间,基于傅里叶级数的谱方法成为了数值求解玻尔兹曼方程的一种很受欢迎且有效的确定性算法.这主要归功于谱方法的高精度及它可以被快速傅里叶变换加速的特质.本文将回顾玻尔兹曼方程的傅里叶谱方法,具体包括方法的导出,稳定性和收敛性分析,快速算法,以及在一大类基于碰撞的空气动理学方程中的推广.     

Investigations of Viscous Dissipation in Stagnation Point Flow Past a Stretchable Riga Wall: Modern Analysis of Heat Transport

This article scrutinizes the features of viscous dissipation in the stagnation point flow past through a linearly stretched Riga wall by implementing Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model. Viscous dissipation is carried out in Cattaneo-Christov diffusion analysis for the first time in this letter. As a result of Cattaneo-Christov model, some extra terms of viscous dissipation are appeared in the energy equation. These extra terms of viscous dissipation are missing in the literature. On the utilization of suitable transformations, the equations governing the problem are reduced under the boundary layer approximation into the non-linear and dimensionless ordinary differential equations. Convergent approach is utilized to solve the dimensionless governing equations. The solution thus acquired is used to highlight the effects of emerging parameters on velocity distribution and fluid's temperature through the graphs. Features of the drag force (or skin friction co-efficient) are graphically interpreted. It is noticed that the presence of modified Hartman number helps to reduce the fluid's temperature but enhances the velocity profile. Further an enlargement in the value of thermal time relaxation parameter helps to decrease the temperature distribution.     

Dissipation of chlortetracycline in the aquatic environment: Characterization in terms of a generalized multiphase pseudo–zero-order rate law

The kinetics of the dissipation of chlortetracycline in the aquatic environment was studied over a period of 90 days using microcosm experiments and distilled water controls. The distilled water control experiments, carried out under dark conditions as well as exposed to natural sunlight, exhibited biphasic linear rates of dissipation. The microcosm experiments exhibited triphasic linear rates of degradation both in the water phase (2.7 × 10⁻², 7 × 10⁻³, 1.3 × 10⁻³ μg g⁻¹ day^–1) and the sediment phase (3.4 × 10⁻², 6 × 10⁻³, 1 × 10⁻³ μg g⁻¹ day^–1). The initial slow rate of dissipation in the dark control (3 × 10⁻³ μg g⁻¹ day^–1) was attributed to a combination of evaporation and hydrolysis, whereas the subsequent fast rate (1.8 × 10⁻³ μg g⁻¹ day^–1) was attributed to a combination of evaporation, hydrolysis, and microbial degradation. For the sunlight-exposed control, the initial slow rate of dissipation (1.5 × 10⁻³ μg g⁻¹ day^–1) was attributed to a combination of evaporation, hydrolysis, and photolysis, whereas the subsequent fast rate was attributed to a combination of evaporation, hydrolysis, photolysis, and microbial degradation (5.1 × 10⁻³ μg g⁻¹ day^–1). The initial fast rate of dissipation in the water phase of the microcosm experiment is attributed to a combination of evaporation, hydrolysis, photolysis, and microbial degradation, whereas all subsequent slow rates in the water phase and all rates of degradation in the sediment phase are attributed to microbial degradation of the colloidal and sediment particle adsorbed antibiotic. A multiphase zero-order kinetic model is presented that takes into account (a) dissipation of the antibiotic via evaporation, hydrolysis, photolysis, microbial degradation, and adsorption by colloidal and sediment particles and (b) the dependence of the dissipation rate on the concentration of the antibiotic, type and count of microorganisms, and type and concentration of colloidal particles and sediment particle adsorption sites within a given aquatic environment.     

A New Small-Molecule Donor Containing Non-Fused Ring π-Bridge Enables Efficient Organic Solar Cells with High Open Circuit Voltage and Low Acceptor Content

To achieve high open-circuit voltage (V_oc) and low acceptor content, the molecular design of a small-molecule donor with low energy loss (E_loss) is very important for solution-processable organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, we designed and synthesized a new coplanar A−D−A structured organic small-molecule semiconductor with non-fused ring structure π-bridge, namely B2TPR , and applied it as donor material in OSCs. Owing to the strong electron-withdrawing effect of the end group and the coplanar π-bridge, B2TPR exhibits a low-lying highest occupied molecular orbital and strong crystallinity. Furthermore, benefiting from the coplanar molecular skeleton, the high hole mobility, balanced charge transport and reduced recombination were achieved, leading to a high fill factor (FF). The OSCs based on B2TPR : PC₇₁BM blend film (w/w=1 : 0.35) demonstrates a moderate power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.10 % with a remarkable V_oc of 0.98 V and FF of 64 %, corresponding to a low fullerene content of 25.9 % and a low E_loss of 0.70 eV. These results demonstrate the great potential of small-molecule with structure of B2TPR for future low-cost organic photovoltaic applications.     

Shedding vortex simulation method based on viscous compensation technology research

Owing to the influence of the viscosity of the flow field, the strength of the shedding vortex decreases gradually in the process of backward propagation. Large-scale vortexes constantly break up, forming smaller vortexes. In engineering, when numerical simulation of vortex evolution process is carried out, a large grid is needed to be arranged in the area of outflow field far from the boundary layer in order to ensure the calculation efficiency. As a result, small scale vortexes at the far end of the flow field cannot be captured by the sparse grid in this region, resulting in the dissipation or even disappearance of vortexes. In this paper, the effect of grid scale is quantified and compared with the viscous effect through theoretical derivation. The theoretical relationship between the mesh viscosity and the original viscosity of the flow field is established, and the viscosity term in the turbulence model is modified. This method proves to be able to effectively improve the intensity of small-scale shedding vortexes at the far end of the flow field under the condition of sparse grid. The error between the simulation results and the results obtained by using fine mesh is greatly reduced, the calculation time is shortened, and the high-precision and efficient simulation of the flow field is realized.     

热解吸反压低温等离子体电离源质谱检测食品中的邻苯二甲酸酯EI北大核心CSCD

基于低温等离子体设计并实现了一套热解吸反压低温等离子体电离(TD-iLTPI)装置。TD-iLTPI装置由热解吸模块和电离源模块集成在一个π型四通管上组成,进样探针取得样品后插入热解吸模块使其气化,之后随载气进入电离区域被电离。iLTPI内部的针电极接交流电,外部的环形电极接地,电极连接方式与LTP相反。该文对热解吸反压低温等离子体电离源进行了参数的优化,并与三重四极杆质谱联用检测了12种代表性的邻苯二甲酸酯,同时考察了TD-iLTPI-MS的分析性能,并对含有邻苯二甲酸酯的实际样品进行了检测。结果表明,邻苯二甲酸丁苄酯(BBP)的标准曲线具有良好的线性相关系数(R;=0.9958),加标回收率为89.7%~116.8%,相对标准偏差为4.5%~8.2%,对邻苯二甲酸酯的检出限也远低于其他敞开式离子源。对白酒、果汁、面包、奶酪和黄油中的邻苯二甲酸酯进行了快速筛查,并定量检测了果汁中的邻苯二甲酸丁苄酯。     

热解吸低温等离子体质谱技术直接快速筛查蔬菜中的有机磷农药

在传统低温等离子体质谱技术的基础上引入热解吸装置,建立了一种直接快速筛查蔬菜中有机磷农药的新方法。白菜样品经乙腈提取,离心取上清液进行质谱检测,在正离子检测模式下,将承载样品的载玻片置于加热块上进行解吸,被低温等离子体射流离子化后进入质谱检测。结果表明,在优化实验条件下,8种有机磷农药在0.005～0.200 mg/L质量浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数均大于0.99,检出限为0.001～0.010 mg/L,加标回收率为90.5%～119%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为12%～17%。与无热解吸条件相比,检测灵敏度提高了9.3～41.7倍。该方法操作简单,无复杂的样品前处理,灵敏度高、准确性好,可用于蔬菜中8种有机磷农药残留的同时测定,在大批量样品的非靶向分析中有较大的应用前景。     

氢气浸泡辐照加速方法在3DG111器件上的应用及辐射损伤机理分析

本文以~(60)Co为辐照源,针对3DG111型晶体管,利用半导体参数分析仪和深能级缺陷瞬态谱仪,研究高/低剂量率和有/无氢气浸泡条件下,电性能和深能级缺陷的演化规律.试验结果表明,与高剂量率辐照相比,低剂量率辐照条件下,3DG111型晶体管的电流增益退化更加严重,这说明该器件出现了明显的低剂量率增强效应;无论是高剂量率还是低剂量率辐照条件下,3DG111晶体管的辐射损伤缺陷均是氧化物正电荷和界面态陷阱,并且低剂量率条件下,缺陷能级较深;氢气浸泡后在高剂量率辐照条件下,与未进行氢气处理的器件相比,辐射损伤程度明显加剧,且与低剂量率辐照条件下器件的损伤程度相同,缺陷数量、种类及能级也相同.因此,氢气浸泡处理可以作为低剂量率辐射损伤增强效应加速评估方法的有效手段.     

兴城地区岩石光谱特征与物性参数、金属元素间响应关系研究

岩石物性参数、元素含量和光谱特征三者之间的相互关系并非独立存在, 研究三者之间的相互关系，对于探索通过遥感信息进行岩石矿物成分、物性参数的定量反演方法奠定基础。采集了兴城地区590块岩样本，分析其物性参数（密度、介电常数、电阻率、磁化率）、金属成分含量（Fe, Ti, V, Mn, Zr, Co, Zn, Nb, Bi, Pb）以及岩石光谱之间的关系。将各物化参数与原始光谱、光谱吸收深度、光谱小波包分解后的高低频做相关性分析，找出各物化参数影响光谱吸收和反射的特征波段，探究关系密切的参数。该研究为岩石岩性分类、某种金属元素和物理特性的反演以及用某种参数来预测关系密切的参数奠定了基础，取得如下结论：（1）获得了火成岩中Fe，Ti，Mn，V，Zn，Bi和Pb等元素的特征谱带，其中Fe元素含量更高，与光谱的相关性更显著。在0.4和0.54 μm波段附近存在Fe的特征反射波段，1.0~1.5 μm波段范围内存在Fe元素的特征吸收波段；在0.4~0.55和0.6~0.65 μm波段范围内，Ti元素与光谱的相关性更显著，在2.28 μm波段附近存在Ti的特征吸收波段；在0.41 μm波段附近存在Mn的特征反射波段；火成岩、沉积岩V元素与光谱相关性差异性较大，在0.76，0.81，0.89，0.95 μm波段附近可能存在火成岩的特征吸收波段和沉积岩的特征反射波段；沉积岩的Zn元素含量与光谱的相关性比火成岩要显著，在0.41，1.36，1.59 μm波段附近可能存在火成岩Zn的特征反射波段，在2.34 μm波段附近可能存在沉积岩Zn的特征波段；2.14 μm波段附近，Bi元素对沉积岩光谱的吸收有一定的作用；Pb的特征谱带可能存在于0.45，0.54，2.29 μm附近；（2）在岩石各物理特性和光谱的关系研究中，在0.57~0.85 μm波段范围内，密度对光谱有很好的吸收反射特征，在0.53 μm波段附近，磁化率使光谱有较强的反射，在1.08 μm波段附近，磁化率使光谱产生较强的吸收；电阻率和光谱的相关关系与密度和光谱的相关关系极为相似；（3）在岩石各物性参数间的关系中发现，密度和电阻率呈显著正相关的关系；（4）在岩石各物性参数与金属元素的关系中研究发现，密度与各金属元素相关性较弱；磁化率与Fe和Ti元素呈显著的正相关关系；电阻率与各金属元素间的相关关系较弱；介电常数与各金属元素含量呈正相关关系，其中与V，Zn，Bi元素的相关关系最显著；（5）在金属元素间，Fe与Ti有较显著的正相关关系，Ti与Fe，V元素间有较强的正相关关系，Zn和Pb存在较强的正相关。