Experimental investigation of heat transfer performance of corrugated tube with spring tape inserts

Turbulent forced convection in a corrugated tube with spring tape is investigated experimentally, for Reynolds numbers from 10,000 to 50,000. The working fluid is air. Experiments are performed for different pitch and spring ratios. Results show that Nusselt numbers can be increased considerably, depending on pitch and spring ratios. An overall assessment, considering the friction losses, is achieved using the thermo-hydraulic performance parameter. The latter is observed to take values larger than unity for all cases, where quite high values around 2.8 occur for cases with smallest pitch and spring ratios. Predictive Nusselt number and friction factor correlations are proposed.     

甜瓜尾孢叶斑病的高光谱成像检测

农作物生长发育过程中经常会遭到病虫害等外界因素侵染，如果不能实施有效的监测诊断和科学的防治，极易引起农药喷洒不当或过量，不仅会影响作物的产量和种植户的经济效益，还会造成严重的环境污染。近年在广西大棚厚皮甜瓜上发生了一种严重的由瓜类尾孢（Cercospora citrullina）引起的甜瓜叶斑病，导致甜瓜减产和种植户的经济损失。故此应用高光谱成像开展甜瓜叶片的尾孢叶斑病检测，获取健康甜瓜叶片和受瓜类尾孢感染的具有不同病变程度的甜瓜叶片在380~1 000和900~1 700 nm的高光谱图像，选取感兴趣区域并获取相应的平均光谱反射率，比较发现健康叶片和不同病变程度叶片染病区域的平均反射率差异显著。在540 nm处附近，健康叶片和病变程度轻微的叶片的光谱具备波峰形态，随着病变程度增加，波峰逐渐消失；在700~750 nm处附近，叶片反射率曲线急剧上升，出现绿色植物光谱曲线显著的“红边效应”特征；750~900 nm范围，健康叶片与轻微病变区域的光谱反射率变化趋于平稳，而其他病变区域的反射率呈上升趋势，且健康叶片的反射率高于病变区域，反射率随病变程度增加而下降，这一变化规律一直持续到近红外波段的900~1 350 nm范围。运用主成分分析、最小噪声分离法观察叶片早期病变的特征，经主成分分析和最小噪声分离法处理后，特别是对于早期病变，样本受感染后发病的区域更为明显。基于高光谱图像提取的前三个主成分得分绘制三维散点图，虽然不同病变程度的部分样本有重叠，但病变样本与健康样本的分布区分明显。应用K-近邻法和支持向量机方法建立叶片病变判别模型，结果显示：KNN模型对健康样本测试集判别率为98.7%，病变样本的判别率随病变程度加重而逐渐升高；对病变程度较轻样本，支持向量机模型相比于KNN模型而言，判别正确率更高、分类效果更好；总体上，高光谱图像对健康样本的判别率较高（>97%），可用于健康样本与病变样本的识别，但对不同病变程度的区分效果欠佳。研究结果表明，高光谱成像可用于甜瓜尾孢叶斑病的检测，对不同病变程度的区分效果仍有待提高。     

基于高光谱分析的玉米叶片氮含量分层诊断研究

为了明确不同生育时期进行玉米氮素营养诊断的叶片层位，建立准确稳健的玉米氮素营养诊断模型，以达到合理追施氮肥，提高氮肥利用率的目的。试验采用单因素盆栽试验设计，以玉米（郑单958）为研究对象，应用高光谱技术，分析了不同氮营养水平下不同生育时期不同层位玉米叶片的氮含量分布和变化规律及光谱响应特征；并依据叶片氮含量与光谱反射率的相关关系，叶片氮含量与全波段(400～2 000 nm)任意两两波段组合构建的比值光谱指数(RSI)的回归关系，初步确定了不同生育时期进行氮素营养高光谱诊断的目标叶片，筛选出最优的比值光谱指数，建立了叶片氮素含量估算模型。结果表明：玉米叶片氮含量：上层>中层>下层；随着玉米的生长，在低氮条件下上层叶片氮含量呈先减少后增加（追肥）再减少趋势，在高氮条件下呈减少趋势，中下层叶片氮含量呈递减趋势。六叶期下层玉米叶片光谱反射率敏感范围较大，相关性较强；九叶期和灌浆期上层玉米叶片的光谱反射率敏感范围较广，相关性较强；开花吐丝期中层叶片的光谱反射率敏感范围较大，相关性较强。六叶期选取下层叶作为诊断目标叶，选取最佳比值光谱指数RSI(1 811, 1 842)建立线性估算模型，九叶期和灌浆期选取上层叶片作为诊断目标叶，选取的最佳比值光谱指数分别为RSI(720, 557)，RSI(600, 511)建立线性估算模型，开花吐丝期选取中层叶片作为诊断目标叶，选取比值光谱指数RSI(688, 644)建立线性估算模型。研究结果可为快速准确地利用光谱技术进行玉米叶片氮素营养诊断提供理论依据。     

The Applications of Order Reduction Methods in Nonlinear Dynamic Systems

Two different order reduction methods of the deterministic and stochastic systems are discussed in this paper. First, the transient proper orthogonal decomposition (T-POD) method is introduced based on the high-dimensional nonlinear dynamic system. The optimal order reduction conditions of the T-POD method are provided by analyzing the rotor-bearing system with pedestal looseness fault at both ends. The efficiency of the T-POD method is verified via comparing with the results of the original system. Second, the polynomial dimensional decomposition (PDD) method is applied to the 2 DOFs spring system considering the uncertain stiffness to study the amplitude-frequency response. The numerical results obtained by the PDD method agree well with the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method. The results of the PDD method can approximate to MCS better with the increasing of the polynomial order. Meanwhile, the Uniform-Legendre polynomials can eliminate perturbation of the PDD method to a certain extent via comparing it with the Gaussian-Hermite polynomials.     

Stress memory polymers

Like shape memory polymers, a novel phenomenon of stress memory was shown in which the stress of a material can respond to an external stimulus. This concept was further enlightened by a switch‐spring‐frame model that would eliminate the limitation of existing models which overlooked the stimulus responsive nature of such polymers. The discovery being reported in this article was stemmed from a real case study into shape memory polymer fibers in compression stocking for varicose veins. The breakthrough of stress memory enabled researchers to develop applications needing stimuli‐responsive forces, which can broaden the horizon of such smart polymers in emerging smart products in many multidisciplinary fields such as sensors, stress garments, and massage devices, electronic skins, and artificial muscles. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015 , 53, 893–898     

斜圈弹簧力学性能的有限元分析

斜圈弹簧在医疗器械、高压开关、汽车工业等领域应用广泛. 但其结构特殊, 受力复杂, 目前尚无有效的理论计算方法得出其载荷位移曲线, 只能通过数值仿真的方法研究其力学性能. 利用有限元软件ANSYS参数化建立环形斜圈弹簧有限元模型, 通过对模型的分析求解, 得出了其主要参数线径、节距、倾斜角与斜圈弹簧力学性能之间的关系. 研究了斜圈弹簧工作状态下的受力变形情况, 计算分析结果为斜圈弹簧的优化设计和合理应用提供了理论依据.     

Grubbs Catalysts Immobilized on Merrifield Resin for Metathesis of Leaf Alcohols by using a Convenient Recycling Approach

Three new types of heterogeneous catalysts were prepared using a facile approach by the immobilization of Grubbs catalysts on PEGylated Merrifield resin. One of the immobilized catalysts was more efficient than the free catalyst for the metathesis of leaf alcohols in conversion and selectivity and was reused repeatedly (up to 5 cycles) with only a slight loss of activity (10.5 %). The long-chain PEGylated linker provided an appropriate distance between the resin and the catalytic center so that the ruthenium catalysts acted as the free catalyst.     

Green synthesis,characterization, and biological activities of saffron leaf extract-mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles: A sustainable approach to reuse an agricultural waste

To increase the profitability and sustainability of agricultural waste, a facile green approach was established to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using saffron leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Structural characteristics of NPs were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and UV–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. Characterization results revealed that ZnO NPs is highly crystalline with a hexagonal wurtzite structure and spherical particles with diameter less than 50 nm, as confirmed by XRD and FESEM techniques. UV–Vis absorption spectra depicted an absorption peak at 370 nm, which confirms the formation of ZnO NPs. FTIR spectral analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups and metal oxygen groups. The biological activities of ZnO NPs were also investigated. The antibacterial effect of ZnO NPs was investigated against selected food pathogens (Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, and Enterococcus faecalis). The study results prove that the green synthesized ZnO NPs show enhanced antibacterial activity against S. Typhimurium when compared with other strains. A dose-dependent free radical scavenging activity was observed for ZnO NPs in both 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) assays. The ZnO NPs were evaluated for their photocatalytic activity during the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye in aqueous solutions. The maximum removal of MB achieved was 64% with an initial ZnO NP concentration of 12 mg/mL under UV light. The present study revealed that the agricultural waste (saffron leaf) provides a simple and eco-friendly option to sustainably synthesize ZnO NPs for use as a photocatalyst. In addition, this is the first report on saffron leaf-mediated synthesis of ZnO NPs.     

片段化森林中檵木幼苗种内叶经济性状变异及其驱动因子

在异质性生境中，种内功能性状变异有助于植物对环境的适应，进而影响种群更新、群落构建和生态系统过程。探讨了种内叶经济性状的变异及受生境异质性的塑造情况。以千岛湖片段化生境中的常见种檵木（Loropetalum chinense）的幼苗为研究对象，测定了200株檵木幼苗个体水平的7个叶经济性状（比叶面积SLA、叶全碳量C、叶全氮量N等）及其对应的生境因子（郁闭度、土壤全碳量、土壤全氮量等），采用相关性检验、主成分分析和线性混合效应模型等方法探讨片段化森林中檵木幼苗的种内叶经济性状变异及生境异质性对该变异的驱动作用。结果显示：（1） 在7个叶经济性状所构成的21对相关性分析中，有12对显著相关。经主成分分析降维后，主成分1（PC1）占性状总变异的43.02%，主要与比叶面积、叶绿素浓度、叶全氮量呈正相关，与叶干物质质量分数和叶碳氮比呈负相关，体现了檵木的种内叶经济谱，可反映叶片的最大光合效率。（2）片段化对生境条件和叶经济性状均有影响。岛屿森林群落的郁闭度显著低于大陆。相对于大陆，岛屿中的檵木幼苗趋向于更小的PC1值（缓慢投资-收益策略）；大岛边缘较大岛内部偏向于更小的PC1值。（3）生境因子中，郁闭度对PC1具有显著正效应。研究表明，片段化生境中的檵木在幼苗阶段存在叶经济谱，生境片段化可通过影响生境条件进而改变檵木幼苗的叶经济性状。随着生境片段化程度的加剧，檵木幼苗的叶经济性状逐渐向缓慢投资-收益策略靠拢。     

Evaluation of green and efficient deep eutectic solvents as media for extracting alkaloids from lotus leaf

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were applied as eco-friendly solvents in this study for the extraction of alkaloids from lotus leaf, including O-nornuciferine, N-nornuciferine, nuciferine and roemerine. A series of hydrophilic and hydrophobic DESs with different hydrogen bond donors and a acceptors were synthesized and screened for a suitable DESs for extraction of alkaloids from lotus leaf. The study results showed that the hydrophilic DES with choline chloride and propanediol had the highest extraction yield. The main factors affecting the extraction efficiency—choline chloride–propanediol ratio, water content in deep eutectic solvents, solid–liquid ratio and extraction time—were investigated via a single-factor experiment. The optimized extraction conditions were 30% of water in choline chloride–propanediol (1:4) for heated extraction for 30 min and solid–liquid ratio 1:100 g/ml. Under optimum conditions, the extraction yields of O-nornuciferine, N-nornuciferine, nuciferine and roemerine were 0.069, 0.152, 0.334 and 0.041 g/100 g respectively, which were higher than those of methanol in acidified aqueous solution. This study suggests considerable potential for DESs as promising materials for the green and efficient extraction solvents for bioactive alkaloids from natural sources.