碳纳米管膜的高温纯化研究

为了获得纯度更高的碳纳米管膜, 保证材料发热稳定性, 需要对通过化学气相沉积法得到的碳纳米管膜进行二次纯化. 通过使用高温纯化炉, 在真空状态下, 从1700℃到3200℃分7挡温度对碳纳米管进行纯化, 并对其含碳量和方块电阻进行比较. 结果表明, 高温纯化后的碳纳米管膜含碳量从95.0%提高到99.9%, 解决了含碳量低的问题. 同时, 在高温纯化中发现碳纳米管膜方块电阻从纯化前3Ω降低到0.5Ω, 方块电阻的降低对碳纳米管膜具有十分重要的意义, 同样对碳纳米管膜后续产品的开发也有重要作用.     

Essential Quality Attributes of Tangible Bio‐Oils from Catalytic Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass

This review covers the characteristics of pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis bio‐oils by focusing on the fundamental factors that determine bio‐oil upgradability. The abundant works on the subject of bio‐oil production from lignocellulosic biomass were studied to establish the essential attributes of the bio‐oils for assessment of the oil stability and upgradability. Bio‐oils from catalytic pyrolysis processes relating to catalysts of different compositions and structures are discussed. A general relationship between the higher heating value and the oxygen content in the catalytic pyrolysis oils exists, but this relationship does not apply to the thermal pyrolysis oil. Reporting bio‐oil yield is meaningful only when the oxygen content of the oil is measured because the pyrolytic oil stability is mainly determined by the oxygen content. Isoenergy plot that associates bio‐oil yield with oxygen content is presented and discussed.     

The kinetics of solid-phase microextraction measured for freshly added and aged hydrophobic compounds in two different soils

The proper choice of exposure times is critical if the freely dissolved concentration of chemicals in soil porewater is to be measured via the equilibrium solid-phase microextraction (SPME) as the times to equilibrium may vary depending on compound and soil properties. To reveal the effects of compound hydrophobicity, ageing and soil organic matter content on times to equilibrium, the SPME uptake was measured for five freshly added and aged hydrophobic organic compounds (phenanthrene, pyrene, lindane, p,p′-DDT and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) 153) in two contrasted soils (arable and forest soil). The tested compound-soil systems behaved kinetically different. Longer equilibrium times were observed with increasing hydrophobicity of compounds for aged compared to freshly added chemicals and for the forest soil in comparison to the arable soil. The calculated soil–porewater partition coefficients (i.e. sorption coefficients, K_d) of chemicals differed between soil types mainly due to various organic carbon (OC) contents as evidenced by the comparable K_oc values (i.e. K_d values normalised to soil OC content). Similar K_oc values were also found with the various extent of ageing, indicating that both the freshly added and aged compounds linearly partitioned between the soil organic matter and porewater. Our results suggest that, for a respective compound, variations in equilibrium times may be expected depending upon the residence time and the organic matter content in soil where the longest equilibrium times seems to appear for a combination of aged compounds and high organic soils. With regard to this outcome, the effect of the level of sample depletion due to the SPME extraction (LD_SPME) on equilibrium times was assessed. At LDs_SPME of up to 10%, equilibrium times increases linearly with LDs_SPME for p,p′-DDT and PCB 153. For phenanthrene (LD_SPME<10%), and for lindane and pyrene (1.2% < LD_SPME > 40%), no clear relationships were observed.     

高光谱图像和叶绿素含量的水稻纹枯病早期检测识别

基于高光谱成像技术和化学计量方法，实现了对水稻纹枯病病害的早期检测识别。以幼苗时期的水稻植株为研究对象，对其进行纹枯病病菌侵染，获得染病植株，采集358～1 021 nm波段范围的高光谱图像，三次实验共240个样本，包括染病植株120个样本和健康植株120个样本。根据高光谱图像的光谱维，对染病水稻叶片和健康水稻叶片提取感兴趣区域（ROI），利用感兴趣区域的光谱数据，对其进行Savitzky-Golay（SG）平滑、Savitzky-Golay（SG）一阶求导、Savitzky-Golay（SG）二阶求导、变量标准化（SNV）和多元散射校正（MSC）预处理，建立线性判别分析（LDA）和支持向量机（SVM）分类模型，结果表明：采用SG二阶求导预处理后的线性判别分析（LDA）模型取得了较好的性能，正确识别率在建模集达98.3%，在预测集达95%；利用载荷系数法（x-loading weights, x-LW）对原始光谱和5种预处理的光谱数据进行特征波长提取，然后根据选取的特征波长建立线性判别分析（LDA）和支持向量机（SVM）分类模型，其中采用SG二阶求导预处理后提取的12个特征波长的线性判别分析（LDA）模型取得了较好的性能，其正确识别率在建模集达97.8%，在预测集达95%，而且基于载荷系数法建立的模型性能与全波段相当，可以通过载荷系数法减少数据量对水稻纹枯病病害进行识别；根据高光谱图像的图像维，研究了基于图像主成分分析、基于概率滤波和基于二阶概率滤波的图像特征提取方法，利用提取的特征变量建立反向传播神经网络(BPNN)和支持向量机（SVM）分类模型，其中基于图像主成分分析的反向传播神经网络（BPNN）模型取得了较好的性能，建模集准确识别率达90.6%，预测集的准确识别率达83.3%；根据高光谱图像光谱维和图像维的最优模型，特将叶绿素含量作为建模的另一个特征，分别与光谱特征、图像特征组合，建立反向传播神经网络（BPNN）和线性判别分析（LDA）模型，提出基于光谱特征加叶绿素含量、图像特征加叶绿素含量和光谱、图像特征加叶绿素含量三种组合方式，其中，光谱特征和图像特征分别与叶绿素组合的方式比之前单独的光谱和图像特征建模性能都有所提升，而且三种组合方式中光谱特征加叶绿素含量的反向传播神经网络（BPNN）建模方式取得本研究所有建模方式中较优的性能，其准确识别率在建模集达100%，在预测集达96.7%。以上研究表明，基于高光谱图像和叶绿素含量对水稻纹枯病病害进行早期识别是可行的，为水稻病害的早期识别提供了一种新方法。     

考虑水分光谱吸收特征的水稻叶片SPAD预测模型

叶绿素是植被光合作用的重要色素，传统实验室方法测定叶绿素含量需破坏性取样且操作复杂。通过构建高精度SPAD光谱估算模型，可以实现对水稻叶片叶绿素含量的实时无损监测。以黑龙江省不同施氮水平下水稻为研究对象，采用SVC HR768i型光谱辐射仪共获取移栽后、分蘖期、拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期共五个关键时期水稻叶片反射光谱数据。光谱探测范围350~2 500 nm。利用自带光源型手持叶片光谱探测器直接测定叶片光谱，光源为内置卤素灯。采用SPAD-502型手持式叶绿素仪同步测定水稻叶片的SPAD值。叶片水分是植物光合作用的基本原料，也间接影响着叶绿素含量。叶片含水量降低则会影响植物正常的光合作用，导致其叶绿素含量随之降低。因此将叶绿素敏感波段与水分吸收范围结合作为SPAD估算的输入量。随机森林模型是一个基于多个分类树的算法。算法在采样的过程中包括两个完全随机的过程，一是有放回抽样，可能会得到重复的样本，二是选取自变量是随机的。因此本文对叶片光谱反射率进行去包络线（CR）处理，综合考虑可见光近红外波段提取水稻叶片反射光谱特征参数和植被指数，综合分析光谱指标与SPAD相关关系，采用随机森林算法构建不同输入量的SPAD高光谱估算模型。结果表明: （1）水稻叶片SPAD与光谱反射率的相关系数在叶绿素敏感波段红波段范围（600～690 nm）、红边范围（720~760 nm）、水分吸收波段范围（1 400~1 490和1 900~1 980 nm）均为0.75以上；（2）在光谱参数与SPAD 的相关分析中，NDVI，DP2与水稻叶片SPAD值相关性最好，相关系数为0.811和0.808；（3）以结合水分光谱信息后的CR_{(V1, V2, V3, V4)}为自变量所建立的随机森林模型精度最高，R2为0.715，RMSE为2.646，可作为水稻叶片叶绿素预测模型。研究结果揭示了不同品种水稻的光谱响应机制，提供了水稻叶片SPAD值高精度反演的技术方法，为监测与调控东北地区水稻正常生育进程提供技术支持。     

不同含水量尾砂的光谱特征与遥感模型

我国尾矿库数量众多，分布广泛，在低含水量条件下，风力作用引起的尾砂扬尘会对周边环境造成污染。而尾矿库表面积大，含水量变化快，传统的含水量监测方法效率低、安全性差、成本高，难以实现尾矿库含水量的大面积、实时、快速的监测。目前，基于光谱特征的遥感模型虽可以较为准确地预测土壤含水量，但矿区尾砂与常规土壤在成分上存在差异性，使得土壤含水量的光谱预测遥感模型可能无法适用于尾矿库含水量的预测。为此，选择辽宁省风水沟尾矿库作为研究区，采集尾砂配置成不同含水量的样品，测试其可见光-近红外光谱，分析不同含水量样品的光谱特征以及含水量与光谱特征之间的关系，建立针对尾砂的含水量遥感预测模型，并应用于辽宁省风水沟尾矿库表面含水量的预测。结果表明：（1）含水量对尾砂的光谱特征有显著影响，二者存在高度的相关性，光谱反射率随含水量增加而下降，且波长越长，含水量对光谱的影响越显著；（2）构建了基于尾砂光谱特征的含水量遥感预测模型，选择Landsat8-OLI传感器的B6和B7波段，定义了比值指数（RTI）、归一化差异指数（NDTI）和差值指数（DTI）3种尾砂光谱指数，并将这3种指数作为输入自变量，使用随机森林方法进行训练以及含水量的建模预测，并与B7波段建立的对数反射率预测模型进行比较。结果表明，光谱指数+随机森林的预测模型效果优于基于B7波段建立的对数反射率模型。（3）使用光谱指数+随机森林的预测模型，通过Landsat8-OLI数据对实地尾矿库提取了含水量的空间分布图，结果表明模型预测的含水量与实测结果之间的决定系数R2达0.798，均方根误差RMSE为0.077，相对分析误差RPD为1.970，平均相对精度ARE为20.1%，在现有技术条件下，达到了较好的预测效果。该研究为变质型铁矿尾矿库含水量的预测提供一种大面积、实时、快速的实用方法。     

Altered Lipid Composition of Secretory Cells Following Exposure to Zinc Can Be Correlated to Changes in Exocytosis

A micromolar concentration of zinc has been shown to significantly change the dynamics of exocytosis as well as the vesicle contents in a model cell line, providing direct evidence that zinc regulates neurotransmitter release. To provide insight into how zinc modulates these exocytotic processes, neurotransmitter release and vesicle content were compared with single cell amperometry and intracellular impact vesicle cytometry with a range of zinc concentrations. Additionally, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) images of lipid distributions in the cell membrane after zinc treatment correlate to changes in exocytosis. By combining electrochemical techniques and mass spectrometry imaging, we proposed a mechanism by which zinc changes the fusion pore and the rate of neurotransmitter release by changing lipid distributions and results in the modulation of synaptic strength and plasticity.     

Antioxidant activities and bioactive compounds of five Jalopeno peppers (Capsicum annuum) cultivars

The present study was designed to evaluate the contents of different antioxidants compounds and their antioxidant activities in Jalopeno peppers (Capsicum annuum) cultivars (El Dorido, Grande, Tula, Sayula and El Rey) extracts. Free radical scavenging activity of Grande was recorded as high as 87% followed by El Dorido (83%). Results of reducing power (Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺) showed that Grande (0.85%) and El Dorido (0.81%) fruit extract absorbance value were close to synthetic antioxidant BHT (0. 97%) obtained at100 μg/mL. The results showed that total phenolic content of El Dorido and Grande were significantly higher compared to other Jalapeno pepper. Results indicated strong and positive correlation between antioxidant activity and carotenoids content (r = 0.75), vitamin C (r = 0.78) and total capsaicinoids (r = 0.84), respectively. The results of the antioxidant activity assays showed that the El Dorido and Grande had strongest antioxidant activity compared to other peppers cultivars in this study.     

智能手机的主要叶类蔬菜品质和新鲜度指标的光谱检测

蔬菜品质和新鲜度的高低不仅影响食用时的口感，而且营养程度也不一样。作为蔬菜品质和新鲜度重要参考指标之一的叶绿素和含水量的检测，已经越来越受到国内外学者的重视。相比于传统的肉眼目视判断的检验方法，可见-近红外光谱分析具有快速高效、无损、非接触等独特的优势，更加适合蔬菜的实时检测。目前相关研究主要集中在生长中植被叶绿素和含水量的反演，对市场上成品蔬菜的研究较少，或者研究对象单一，缺乏市场普适性。此外，光谱数据的获取需要专业的光谱仪采集，费时费力，各种生理生化指标的研究离实用化还有很长的距离。为了与实际相结合，基于智能手机光谱系统（SCSS)建立了快速、准确、普适性强的反演蔬菜叶绿素和含水量的模型，并通过地面光谱仪SVC数据验证了该系统的可靠性。选取市场典型的五种蔬菜（菠菜、小油菜、油麦菜、生菜和娃娃菜）作为实验样本，分别进行常温保存和冷藏保存来模拟现实中菜市场和超市的蔬菜储存环境。每隔24 h进行一次数据采集。对获取的原始光谱数据进行波段选择和小波变换去噪的预处理。构建蔬菜叶绿素反演指数(VCRI_{（m, n）})和蔬菜含水量反演指数(VWRI_{(i, j)})，分别提取该两个指数与叶绿素和含水量实测值的相关系数R作为权重系数，最终建立了叶绿素和含水量的加权平均反演模型。实验结果表明，SVC仪器和SCSS两者数据针对蔬菜叶绿素和含水量的敏感波段基本一致，叶绿素反演的敏感波段在730~980 nm之间，反演精度R2分别为0.863和0.808 1，标准差为8.679 5和8.892 5；含水量反演的敏感波段在水汽吸收波段950~1 000 nm之间，反演精度R2分别为0.742 9和0.712 9，标准差为8.789 9%和8.861 4%。SVC实验数据跟SCSS实验数据结果十分接近，验证了新型智能手机光谱系统实时监测蔬菜叶绿素和含水量的有效性。智能手机光谱系统具有体积小、价格便宜的优势，结合网络云端服务和实时数据反馈的特点，能够实现蔬菜品质和新鲜度指标的智能检测，让光谱分析真正应用于人们日常生活中。     

高光谱成像的土壤剖面水分含量反演及制图

传统土壤水分的获取方法仅可获得离散的土壤水分点位数据，难以获得剖面上精细且连续的水分含量分布图。研究了野外条件下利用近红外高光谱（882～1 709 nm）成像反演剖面土壤水分含量（SMC），并实现精细制图的可行性。研究剖面位于江苏省东台市，我们利用近红外高光谱成像仪对剖面进行了5天原位连续观测，共采集了280个土样用于烘干法测定SMC。原始高光谱图像经数字量化值（DN）校正、黑白校正、拼接、几何校正、剪切和掩膜等一系列预处理后，提取各采样点的平均光谱反射率。提取光谱（Raw）经吸光度[LOG₁₀(1/R)]，Savitzky-Golay平滑（SG）、一阶微分（FD）、二阶微分（SD）、多元散射校正（MSC）和标准正态变量（SNV）转换后，采用偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）和最小二乘支持向量机（LS-SVM）方法建立SMC预测模型，并对比分析不同光谱预处理方法与建模方法组合条件下SMC的预测精度。结果表明，光谱反射率随SMC增加逐渐降低，不同光谱预处理方法的预测精度有所差异，除MSC方法外，同一光谱预处理方法的LS-SVM模型预测精度均高于PLSR模型，并且基于LOG₁₀(1/R)光谱的LS-SVM模型对SMC预测精度最高，其建模集的决定系数（R2_c）和均方根误差（RMSE_c）分别为0.96和0.65%，预测集的决定系数（R2_p）、均方根误差（RMSE_p）和相对分析误差（RPD_p）分别为0.88，1.05%和2.88。利用最优模型进行剖面SMC的高空间分辨率精细制图，通过比较SMC反演图中提取的预测值与实测值关系发现预测精度较高（R2: 0.85～0.95, RMSE: 0.94%～1.02%），且两者在剖面中的变化趋势基本一致，说明SMC反演图不仅能很好地反映出土壤水分在整个剖面中毫米级的含量分布信息，也可反映出同一位置处不同天数间的含量差异。因此，利用近红外高光谱成像结合优化的预测模型，能够实现土壤剖面SMC的定量预测及精细制图，有助于快速、有效监测田间剖面土壤水分状况。