水硬性石灰合成及拉破坏特性试验研究

水硬性石灰在欧洲石质文物修复和加固中获得了很大成功。我国的石质文物主要是砂岩,水硬性石灰的修复效果不好。为满足我国石质文物修复和加固的需求,本文以石灰石和黏土为原料,在950℃煅烧不同时间,制备出水硬性石,对试样的成分、微观形貌、收缩率、抗拉强度和拉破坏过程等进行了研究。结果表明:(1)试样中含有水硬性成分2CaO·SiO2(C2S);煅烧8h时,成分与欧洲水硬性石灰NHL5接近;1.5CaO·SiO2·xH2O(C-S-H)和CaCO3的含量随龄期的增加逐渐增加。(2)龄期1~3d,收缩率较小;龄期4~6d,收缩率以线性规律增加;7d以后,收缩率趋于稳定。(3)局部变形区随拉应力的增加而变大,邻近局部变形区逐渐合并,形成面积更大的应变局部化带;载荷超过峰值后,产生微裂隙;随载荷进一步增加,微裂隙扩展,贯穿整个试件,发展成宏观裂隙,使试件破坏。(4)抗拉强度随龄期的增加而增加,水硬性石灰中C-S-H、CaCO3等相互交织,构成空间致密体,使试件力学强度提高。合成的水硬性石灰物理力学性能与欧洲水硬性石灰NHL5相近,并且成分均匀、可控,在石质文物修复和加固工程中具有良好应用前景。     

Sudden Blocking of a Supercritical Open‐Channel Flow

This paper reports results of experiments in which a steadystate nonuniform supercritical openchannel flow was suddenly blocked by a rapidly falling gate at a downstream distance of about one hundred critical depths. This results in a hydraulic jump propagating upstream. Experimental data on the shape, height, and propagation speed of its leading front are given. It is shown that the parameters of the jump differ significantly from the values found using a quasistationary approach.     

ON INFLUENCE OF KINEMATICS TO EQUIVALENT LINEAR DAMPING OF HELICOPTER BLADE HYDRAULIC DAMPER

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Diffusion of moisture in deformable porous media. Anisotropic fibrous materials

This paper presents a study on the deformation of anisotropic fibrous porous media subjected to moistening by water in the liquid phase. The deformation of the medium is studied by applying the concept of effective stress. Given the structure of the medium, the displacement of the solid matrix is not taken into account with respect to the displacement of the liquid phase. The transport equations are derived from the model proposed by Narasimhan. The transport coefficients and the relation between the variation in apparent density and effective stress are obtained by test measurements. A numerical model has been established and applied for studying drip moistening of mineral wool samples capable or incapable of deformation.Nomenclature D mass diffusion coefficient [L²t^–1] - e void fraction - g gravity acceleration [Lt^–2] - J mass transfer density [ML^–2t^–1] - K hydraulic conductivity [Lt^–1] - K _s hydraulic conductivity of the solid phase [Lt^–1] - K ^* hydraulic conductivity of the deformable porous medium [Lt^–1] - P pressure of moistening liquid [ML^–1 t^–2] - S degree of saturation - t time [t] - V speed [Lt^–1] - X horizontal coordinate [L] - Z vertical coordinate measured from the bottom of porous medium [L] - z z-coordinate [L] Greek Letters porosity - ₁ total hydric potential [L] - _g gas density [ML^–3] - ₁ liquid density [ML^–3] - ₀ apparent density [ML^–3] - _s density of the solid phase [ML^–3] - density of the moist porous medium [ML^–3] - external load [ML^–1t^–2] - effective stress [ML^–1t^–2] - bishop's parameter - matrix potential or capillary suction [L] Indices g gas - 1 moistening liquid - p direction perpendicular to fiber planes - s solid matrix - t direction parallel to fiber planes - v pore Exponent * movement of solid particles taken into account     

微型燃料电池制备及其微通道摩擦性能的研究

阐述了微型燃料电池的制备过程,结合传统燃料电池数学理论和微流体力学,建立了微型质子交换膜燃料电池(μPEMFC)的数学模型,分析了微通道特性(如摩擦系数和水力直径等)对微型燃料电池性能的影响.结果表明:运用Fluent软件对模型进行计算的仿真结果与公开实验数据基本符合,验证了模型正确性;而传统模型的仿真结果小于真实值;当气道的水力直径Dh从348降至100时,电池性能有所上升;而当Dh值降至61.1时,其性能有所下降.     

不同围压作用下非均匀岩石水压致裂过程的数值模拟

从岩石细观非均匀性的特点出发，提出一个描述非均匀材料渗流和破裂相互作用的数值模型。在这个数值模型中，单元的力学、水力学性质根据统计分布而变化，以体现材料的随机不均质性，材料在开裂破坏过程中流体压力传递通过单元渗流，损伤耦合迭代来实现。算例表明，该模型能较好地模拟出岩石类材料在水力压裂作用下，微结构非均匀分布和不同围压比对破裂模式、失稳压力的影响，非均匀性导致试件的开裂压力、失稳压力明显不同，裂纹扩展路径不规则发展，模拟结果和实验结果较为一致。     

几种水机常用金属材料的冲蚀磨损性能研究

研究了在水力机械中普遍应用的铸铁(HT200)、中碳结构铸钢(40#)、不锈钢(1Cr18Ni9Ti)和高铬铸铁(KmTBCr26)4种材料的冲蚀磨损规律,得出了材料的冲蚀磨损率随磨损时间、冲蚀速度、磨粒浓度和粒径变化的规律,同时根据观察材料冲蚀磨损表面形貌探讨了其冲蚀磨损机理.结果表明:材料的冲蚀磨损性能受到材料基本机械性能的控制,其中高硬度材料的抗冲蚀性能较好,在相同试验条件下其磨损率由大到小排列顺序为HT200＞40#＞1Cr18Ni9Ti＞KmTBCr26;4种材料的冲蚀磨损率随磨粒粒径、浆料浓度和磨粒冲击速度的变化规律基本一致,当磨粒粒径小于425 μm时,磨粒粒径对KmTBCr26和1Cr18Ni9Ti的磨损率影响很小;金属材料的组织结构对材料的冲蚀磨损性能和机理影响较大,其中KmTBCr26和1Cr18Ni9Ti的冲蚀磨损机理以脆性断裂、破裂及颗粒脱落为主,而HT200和40#的冲蚀磨损机理以选择性切削式冲蚀磨损为主.     

冲蚀与气蚀复合磨损试验研究

通过改造MCF-30型冲蚀腐蚀试验机,建立了水、沙、气三相流冲蚀磨损试验装置;试验研究了水、沙混合流场中试样的磨损特征,通过扫描电子显微镜观测了三相流冲蚀磨损表面,并借助计算机模拟分析水、沙混合条件下产生气蚀破坏的条件.结果表明:合理的设计可以实现冲蚀与气蚀的复合磨损模拟试验;形成三相流共同作用下的冲蚀与气蚀复合磨损重要条件为介质中含有较多气体,并且在试样中有气泡溃灭.三相流磨损模拟试验与仿真为进一步开展三相流气蚀与冲蚀磨损研究奠定了基础.     

Overwinter changes to near-surface bulk density, penetration resistance and infiltration rates in compacted soil

Previous studies at Yakima Training Center (YTC), in Washington State, suggest freeze-thaw (FT) cycles can ameliorate soil compacted by tracked military vehicles [J. Terramechanics 38 (2001) 133]. However, we know little about the short-term effects of soil freezing over a single winter. We measured bulk density (BD), soil penetration resistance (SPR), and steady-state runoff rates in soil newly tracked by an Abrams tank and in uncompacted soil, before and after a single winter at YTC. We similarly measured BD, SPR and saturated hydraulic conductivity (k_fs) in simulated tank tracks at another site near Lind Washington. Average BD was significantly greater in tank ruts at YTC and in simulated tracks at the Lind site than in uncompacted soil soon after tracking and did not change significantly during the winter of 1997–1998. Measurements of SPR were strongly influenced by soil moisture. When soil was moist or tracks were newly formed, SPR was significantly higher in tank ruts than in uncompacted soil from the surface to a depth of about 10–15 cm. The greatest average SPR in compacted soil was observed between 4 and 6 cm depth. We observed less difference in SPR between tank ruts and uncompacted soil near-surface at YTC as the time after trafficking increased. We observed highest SPR ratios (compacted rut:undisturbed) in fresh tracks near the surface, with lower ratios associated with increasing track age or soil depth, indicating that some recovery had occurred at YTC near-surface. However, we did not observe a similar over-winter change in SPR profiles at the Lind site. Rainfall simulator data from YTC showed higher steady-state runoff rates in tank ruts than over uncompacted soil both before and after winter. However, more time was required to reach steady-state flow in tank ruts and the proportion of runoff was slightly lower in May 1998 than in August 1997. At the Lind site, k_fs was lower in newly compacted soil than in one-year old compacted soil or uncompacted soil. Our data suggest that indices of water infiltration such as steady-state runoff rates or k_fs, are more sensitive indicators of soil recovery after compaction than are BD or SPR.