Multivariate optimization and comparison between conventional extraction (CE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of carotenoid extraction from cashew apple

Carotenoids are an essential component of cashew and can be used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, natural pigment, food additives, among other applications. The present work focuses on optimizing and comparing conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods. Every optimization step took place with a 1:1 (w:w) mixture of yellow and red cashew apples lyophilized and ground in a cryogenic mill. A Simplex-centroid design was applied for both methods, and the solvents acetone, methanol, ethanol, and petroleum ether were evaluated. After choosing the extractor solvent, a central composite design was applied to optimize the sample mass (59–201 mg) and extraction time (6–34 min). The optimum conditions for the extractor solvent were 38% acetone, 30% ethanol, and 32% petroleum ether for CE and a mixture of 44% acetone and 56% methanol for UAE. The best experimental conditions for UAE were a sonication time of 19 min and a sample mass of 153 mg, while the CE was 23 min and 136 mg. Comparing red and yellow cashews, red cashews showed a higher carotenoid content in both methodologies. The UAE methodology was ca. 21% faster, presented a more straightforward composition of extracting solution, showed an average yield of superior carotenoid content in all samples compared to CE. Therefore, UAE has demonstrated a simple, efficient, fast, low-cost adjustment methodology and a reliable alternative for other applications involving these bioactive compounds in the studied or similar matrix.     

在对比情境中走进真实的化学科学*——高一化学绪言课教学

绪言课的教学效果对于学生后续学习起着举足轻重的作用,基于对高一化学绪言课教学意蕴的分析,选取了历史与现代、生活与科研、国内与国外等多种情境素材,并设计成对比的教学情境,竭力将学生带进真实的化学科学,引领高中化学学习的方向,打开学生的国际视野,培养学生的家国情怀。并结合问卷调查对本节课教学效果进行了反思。     

微流控纸芯片的加工及其分析应用的实验设计*

设计了一个使用喷墨打印法加工微流控纸芯片的实验,在经烷基烯酮二聚体(AKD)的正己烷溶液浸泡过的滤纸上,以三乙醇胺溶液为打印墨水,用喷墨打印机打印出设计好的芯片图案。滤纸加热后,打印区域呈现亲水性,非打印区域为疏水性,从而制备出纸芯片,用该纸芯片通过数字比色法实现了亚硝酸根离子的定量测定。该实验不使用昂贵仪器设备,易普及。通过实验,促使学生了解微流控芯片这一前沿科学技术,锻炼学生细致、灵巧的动手能力,激发学生科技创新活力。     

Pure tetrahedral quadruple systems with index two

An oriented tetrahedron defined on four vertices is a set of four cyclic triples with the property that any ordered pair of vertices is contained in exactly one of the cyclic triples. A tetrahedral quadruple system of order $n$ with index $\lambda$, denoted by ${\text{TQS}}_{\lambda }\left(n\right)$, is a pair $\left(X,\mathrm{?}\right)$, where $X$ is an $n$‐set and $\mathrm{?}$ is a set of oriented tetrahedra (blocks) such that every cyclic triple on $X$ is contained in exactly $\lambda$ members of $\mathrm{?}$. A ${\text{TQS}}_{\lambda }\left(n\right)$ is pure if there do not exist two blocks with the same vertex set. When $\lambda =1$, the spectrum of a pure TQS $\left(n\right)$ has been completely determined by Ji. In this paper, we show that there exists a pure ${\text{TQS}}_2\left(n\right)$ if and only if $n\equiv 1,2\left(\mathrm{mod}3\right)$ and $n\ge 7$. A corollary is that a simple ${\text{QS}}_4\left(n\right)$ also exists if and only if $n\equiv 1,2\left(\mathrm{mod}3\right)$ and $n\ge 7$.     

QEPAS系统中石英音叉模态仿真计算与研究

对石英音叉增强型光声光谱(QEPAS)系统中常用的石英音叉进行了有限元模态计算，获得石英音叉前6阶振型与模态频率，认知了第4阶对称摆动振型为有效振动，利用单因素法分析了石英音叉的音臂长度l₁、音臂宽度w₁、音臂厚度t、音臂切角θ、音臂圆孔直径d及音臂圆孔高度h对低阶有效共振频率(Fre)的影响，敏感度依次为： l₁> w₁>d>θ>t>h，考虑实际设计情形，筛选出了l₁，w₁，d与h四个石英音叉设计变量，采用Box-Behnken实验设计方案与RSM(response surface methodology)方法，以Fre为函数目标，建立l₁，w₁，d与h的二次回归响应面模型，得到了参数之间的交互作用，利用Design-Expert软件对响应面模型进行设计参数反求，结果表明，在15 000 Hz≤Fre≤25 000 Hz计算区域内误差较小，基本满足QEPAS系统的计算需求，所提出的研究与设计方法具有一定通用性，可为QEPAS系统中石英音叉结构参数设计提供参考。     

The experimental design approach to the optimization of a simple quick easy cheap effective rugged and safe method for the analysis of phytoestrogens in complex soy‐based food

The present paper deals with the multivariate optimization of an extraction‐purification strategy for the determination of phytoestrogens (daidzein, genistein, coumestrol, formononetin, and biochanin A) in soy‐based meat substitutes by high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. For a reliable quantitation of these new concerning compounds in such a complex matrix, recovery and matrix effect must be carefully evaluated. Therefore, two sequential experimental designs were used to optimize the sample‐pretreatment of soy‐based burgers: the chosen technique was the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe methodology, which does not require any particular facility or instrumentation. Thanks to the first screening design (Plackett‐Burman), the significant factors influencing the studied responses were identified and further investigated through a response surface design (Box‐Behnken). The optimal values of the variables (volume of extraction solvent mix/sample mass ratio and two clean‐up sorbents) led to quantitative recoveries (97–104%) and low ion suppression (matrix effect 60–93%) for all analytes. This optimized method was characterized by low detection limits (0.2–1.5 ng/g) and excellent intraday precision (RSD 2–4%). It was applied to the determination of the considered compounds in several soy‐burgers from the Italian market, detecting low ng/g levels (up to 40 ng/g) of coumestrol, formononetin, and biochanin A, and high concentrations (7.9–78 µg/g) of genistein and daidzein.     

对比实验法在无机及分析化学实验教学中的应用——以银量法测定氯含量实验为例

介绍莫尔法和荧光黄法测定生理盐水中氯化钠含量的实验原理和操作步骤，针对无机及分析化学实验教学中测定氯含量实验的原理、指示剂、标准溶液、滴定条件及适用范围等内容进行比较和分析，阐明了不同实验方法与操作步骤之间的对应关系。学生根据预习实验，结合具体实验操作、实验现象和实验结果的对比，可以充分直观地理解实验内容，掌握无机及分析化学实验的学习方法，提高学生的发现问题和解决问题的能力。     

基于“真实情境与实际问题”的化学试题命制——以“碳九泄漏事故”为例

以“11·4福建泉港碳九泄漏事故”为测试载体，在深入挖掘和甄选考点后，结合当前《普通高中化学课程标准（2017年版）》对考试评价的有关说明和试题命制基本理论及技术要求，命制了一道高中化学考试试题，并在文中对试题的测试目标，如认知操作、核心素养和达到的学业质量水平加以详细分析，对试题命制的技术性要求辅以论证，以期能给同行以核心素养为测试宗旨的命题提供一些参考。     

求解矩阵方程AXB+CXD=F参数迭代法的最优参数分析

本文针对求矩阵方程AXB+CXD=F唯一解的参数迭代法，分析当矩阵A，B，C，D均是Hermite正（负）定矩阵时，迭代矩阵的特征值表达式，给出了最优参数的确定方法，并提出了相应的加速算法.