氧化程度对微细鳞片可膨胀石墨结构及膨胀性的影响

以平均粒径为19.71μm的天然微细鳞片石墨为原料,通过化学氧化法制备了具有不同氧化程度的可膨胀石墨,采用XRD、FTIR、Raman、SEM等对可膨胀石墨的结构与膨胀性进行了表征。结果表明：当氧化程度较低时制得的微细鳞片可膨胀石墨由石墨、石墨层间化合物和氧化石墨三相组成;随着氧化程度的增加,氧化石墨相含量与可膨胀石墨结构无序程度逐渐增高,石墨层间化合物相含量先增加后减少,石墨相含量则逐渐降低;氧化促使HSO₄^-或SO₄^2-插入石墨层间,插入层间的HSO₄^-或SO₄^2-量是决定可膨胀石墨膨胀容积的关键因素,制备的微细鳞片膨胀石墨的膨胀容积可达65.9mL·g^-1。     

氧化程度对微细鳞片可膨胀石墨结构及膨胀性的影响

以平均粒径为19.71μm的天然微细鳞片石墨为原料,通过化学氧化法制备了具有不同氧化程度的可膨胀石墨,采用XRD、FTIR、Raman、SEM等对可膨胀石墨的结构与膨胀性进行了表征。结果表明:当氧化程度较低时制得的微细鳞片可膨胀石墨由石墨、石墨层间化合物和氧化石墨三相组成;随着氧化程度的增加,氧化石墨相含量与可膨胀石墨结构无序程度逐渐增高,石墨层间化合物相含量先增加后减少,石墨相含量则逐渐降低;氧化促使HSO4-或SO42-插入石墨层间,插入层间的HSO4-或SO42-量是决定可膨胀石墨膨胀容积的关键因素,制备的微细鳞片膨胀石墨的膨胀容积可达65.9mL·g-1。     

可膨胀石墨阻燃高回弹聚氨酯泡沫塑料的性能

在原料中添加可膨胀石墨(EG),采用一步法合成了阻燃型高回弹聚氨酯软泡,研究了EG对泡沫性能的影响.用扫描电镜和光学显微镜观察了EG粒子在泡沫内的固着状态及其对泡孔形貌和泡沫燃烧后的炭层形貌的影响.垂直-水平燃烧实验和极限氧指数实验检测了EG的添加量对于泡沫燃烧的抑制情况.考察了EG粒子的含量对泡沫密度、拉伸及压缩力学...     

Flammability and Thermal Oxidative Degradation Kinetics of Magnesium Hydroxide and Expandable Graphite Flame Retarded Polypropylene Composites

The flammability and the thermal oxidative degradation kinetics of expandable graphite (EG) with magnesium hydroxide (MH) in flame‐retardant polypropylene (PP) composites were studied by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 test, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results show that EG is a good synergist for improving the flame retardancy of PP/MH composite and the effect is enhanced with decreasing EG particle size. The Kissinger method and Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa method were used to determine the apparent activation energy (E) for degradation of PP and flame retarded PP composites. The data obtained from the TGA curve indicate that EG markedly increases the thermal degradation temperature of PP/MH composites and improves the thermal stability of the composites. The kinetic results show that the values of E for degradation of flame retarded PP composites is much higher than that of neat PP, especially PP/MH composites with suitable amount of EG, which indicates that the flame retardants used in this work have a great effect on the mechanisms of pyrolysis and combustion of PP.     

改性可膨胀石墨的制备及在硬质聚氨酯泡沫中的阻燃性能

采用表面接枝硅烷偶联剂法将硼酸负载在可膨胀石墨(EG)表面制得了改性EG(MEG), 并考察了MEG在硬质聚氨酯泡沫(RPUF)中的阻燃性能. 利用扫描电子显微镜、 X射线光电子能谱、 傅里叶变换红外光谱、 膨胀试验及热失重分析对MEG进行了形貌、 元素组成及结构性能表征, 通过热失重分析、 极限氧指数(LOI)及锥形量热仪考察了RPUF/MEG的热稳定性及燃烧性能. 结果表明, 硼硅化合物作为硅硼陶瓷前驱体已负载在EG表面; MEG及RPUF/MEG体系膨胀炭层更为致密, 800 ℃时的残余量分别较EG和RPUF/EG提高了8.7%和3.7%; RPUF/MEG体系的LOI较RPUF/EG有所提高, 热释放速率峰值降低了10%, 产烟速率及CO生成速率均显著降低. RPUF/MEG阻燃性能的提高与MEG负载的硅硼陶瓷前驱体促进了阻燃RPUF各组分间的相互作用及增强了炭层的阻隔性有关.     

Aluminum hypophosphite in combination with expandable graphite as a novel flame retardant system for rigid polyurethane foams

The main aim of this work was to investigate the synergistic effect of expandable graphite (EG) and aluminum hypophosphite (AHP) on the flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs). A series of flame retardant RPUF containing EG and AHP were prepared by one‐shot and free‐rise method. The flame retardant, thermal degradation, and combustion properties of RPUF hybrids were characterized through limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, vertical burning (UL‐94) test, thermogravimetric analysis and microscale combustion calorimeter. The LOI and UL‐94 results showed that the RPUF sample with 10 wt% EG and 5 wt% AHP passed UL‐94 V‐0 rating and reached a relatively high LOI value of 28.5%, which is superior over other EG/AHP ratios in RPUF at the equivalent filler loading. Microscale combustion calorimeter results revealed that the incorporation of EG and AHP into RPUF reduced the peak heat release rate and total heat release, thus decrease the fire risk of RPUF significantly. Incorporation of EG and AHP improved the thermal stability of RPUF as observed from the thermogravimetric analysis results and also enhanced the thermal resistance of char layer at high temperature from scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, it could be seen from thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry spectra that the addition of EG and AHP significantly decreased the combustible gaseous products such as hydrocarbons and ethers. Finally, the synergistic mechanism in flame retardancy was discussed and speculated. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Notes on symmetric g-functions

A number of generalized metric spaces have been defined or characterized in terms of g-functions. Symmetric g-functions are discussed by C. Good, D. Jennings and A. M. Mohamad. In this paper, some questions about symmetric g-functions are answered, particularly it is shown that every sym-wg-space is expandable. The project is supported by the NNSF (10571151) and NSF (2006J0397) of Fujian Province of China.     

Mechanical and Flame Retardant Properties and Microstructure of Expandable Graphite/Silicone Rubber Composites

Flame-retardant expandable graphite (EG)/silicone rubber (SR) composites were prepared using nano-CaCO₃ particles as reinforcement filler. In addition to mechanical measurements, limited oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 and cone calorimeter tests (CCT), the thermal properties were tested by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that the content and particle size of the EG both had large effects on the flammability and mechanical properties of the EG/SR blends. The composites that contained 25 phr EG (50–80 mu) had excellent LOI values, 47–48, and achieved the UL-94 V-0 level while the pure SR sample had the LOI value of 25 and achieved the UL-94 V-2 level. The data obtained from the CCT indicated that the addition of EG decreased remarkably the heat release rate, smoke emission, and mass loss rate of the composites. SEM microphotographs of the EG/SR composites before and after combustion demonstrated that EG underwent a large volume expansion, and the multiporous char structure blocked heat transfer and protected the substrate from fire.     

一种新型通用化图像处理系统的设计

提出了一种基于FPGA+DSP的通用化嵌入式图像处理模块,可以用于不同的项目,只需要针对不同的项目设计不同的AD、DA和接口就可以了。该处理模块具有高性能、低功耗、低成本、可扩展、可重构、灵活性强等优点,可以大大降低开发成本和设计周期。     

可膨胀石墨催化合成乙酸苄酯

可膨胀石墨作为一种重要的非金属材料已广泛应用于各工业领域 ,将其作为有机质反应催化剂的研究尚不多见[1～ 3] 。工业上 ,乙酸苄酯常是以浓Ｈ2 ＳＯ4、对甲苯磺酸等质子酸作催化剂由乙酸和苄醇制得[4] ,但此法腐蚀设备 ,污染环境 ,且副反应多。近年来 ,为了寻找对设备腐蚀性小的酯化反应催化剂进行了一些研究 ,如曾报道的酯化反应催化剂有 :四氯化锡复合物[5] 、复合固体超强酸[6] 、稀土硫酸盐[7]等。本文报道可膨胀石墨催化乙酸苄酯的合成 ,与其它催化剂相比 ,具有催化活性高 ,反应温度低 ,反应时间短 ,收率高 ,易分离及再生处理简单等…