Crown evolution kinematics of a camellia oil droplet impacting on a liquid layer

The phenomenon of droplet impact on an immiscible liquid is encountered in a variety of scenarios in nature and industrial production. Despite exhaustive research, it is not fully clear how the immiscibility of the liquid on which a droplet impacts affects the crown evolution. The present work experimentally investigates the evolution kinematics of a crown formed by the normal impact of a camellia oil droplet on an immiscible water layer. Based on discussion of dynamic impact behaviors for three critical Weber numbers (We), the radius of the crown and its average spreading velocity are compared with those of previous theoretical models to discuss their applicability to the immiscible liquid. The evolution kinematics (morphology and velocity) are analyzed by considering the effects of the We and layer thickness. Furthermore, the ability of crown expansion in radial and vertical directions is characterized by a velocity ratio. The results show that our experimental crown radius still follows a square-root function of evolution time, which agrees with the theoretical predictions. The dimensionless average spreading velocity decreases with We and follows a multivariate power law, while the dimensionless average rising velocity remains constant. The velocity ratio is shown to linearly increase with We, demonstrating that the rising movement in crown evolution gradually enhances with We. These results are helpful for further investigation on the droplet impact on an immiscible liquid layer.     

Evaporative characteristics of sessile nanofluid droplet on micro‐structured heated surface

Micro‐structure patterned substrates attract our attention due to the special and programmable wettabilities. The interaction between the liquid and micro/nano structures gives rise to controllable spreading and thus evaporation. For exploration of the application versatility, the introduction of nanoparticles in liquid droplet results in interaction among particles, liquid and microstructures. In addition, temperature of the substrates strongly affects the spreading of the contact line and the evaporative property. The evaporation of sessile droplets of nanofluids on a micro‐grooved solid surface is investigated in terms of liquid and surface properties. The patterned nickel surface used in the experiments is designed and fabricated with circular and rectangular shaped pillars whose size ratios between interval and pillars is fixed at 5. The behavior is firstly compared between nanofluid and pure liquid on substrates at room temperature. For pure water droplet, the drying time is relatively longer due to the receding of contact line which slows down the liquid evaporation. Higher concentrations of nanoparticles tend to increase the total evaporation time. With varying concentrations of graphite at nano scale from 0.02% to 0.18% with an interval at 0.04% in water droplets and the heating temperature from 22 to 85°C, the wetting and evaporation of the sessile droplets are systematically studied with discussion on the impact parameters and the resulted liquid dynamics as well as the stain. The interaction among the phases together with the heating strongly affects the internal circulation inside the droplet, the evaporative rate and the pattern of particles deposition.     

A modified SPH method to model the coalescence of colliding non-Newtonian liquid droplets

This paper develops a modified smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method to model the coalescence of colliding non-Newtonian liquid droplets. In the present SPH, a van der Waals (vdW) equation of state is particularly used to represent the gas-to-liquid phase transition similar to that of a real fluid. To remove the unphysical behavior of the particle clustering, also known as tensile instability, an optimized particle shifting technique is implemented in the simulations. To validate the numerical method, the formation of a Newtonian vdW droplet is first tested, and it clearly demonstrates that the tensile instability can be effectively removed. The method is then extended to simulate the head-on binary collision of vdW liquid droplets. Both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid flows are considered. The effect of Reynolds number on the coalescence process of droplets is analyzed. It is observed that the time up to the completion of the first oscillation period does not always increase as the Reynolds number increases. Results for the off-center binary collision of non-Newtonian vdW liquid droplets are lastly presented. All the results enrich the simulations of the droplet dynamics and deepen understandings of flow physics. Also, the present SPH is able to model the coalescence of colliding non-Newtonian liquid droplets without tensile instability.     

纳米流体液滴撞击壁面铺展动力学特性研究

纳米流体液滴撞击固体壁面的铺展动力学特性是基于液滴沉积实现高效传热传质过程的关键因素,然而由于纳米流体的非牛顿流变特性及液滴内微流动与纳米颗粒的耦合作用,目前对纳米流体液滴撞击固体壁面的铺展动力学行为缺乏足够的认识.本研究利用了两步法分别配制了分散有3种纳米颗粒的均匀稳定纳米流体(碳纳米管、石墨烯、纳米石墨粉),并对流体的流变特性进行了测量分析.利用显微高速数码摄像技术捕捉了液滴撞击固体壁面的动态过程,通过图像处理技术分析铺展过程中液滴的无量纲高度、铺展因子及动态接触角,探究了液滴在韦伯数约为200及800时撞击壁面后铺展沉积形态的演变规律.研究表明,3种不同纳米颗粒的加入均使基液表现出明显的剪切变稀特性,在液滴撞击壁面的铺展过程中,流体的剪切黏度起重要作用,液滴的无量纲高度和铺展因子的变化幅度随着纳米流体剪切黏度的增大而减小.纳米流体液滴撞击疏水表面时能更快的达到平衡状态,液滴的惯性力主导着液滴的初始铺展阶段,液滴的铺展范围和速度随撞击速度的增大而增大.开展该研究能够为基于液滴沉积的增益冷却技术以及微型高导热及导电材料的制造提供理论依据和技术指导.      

双流体雾化液滴荷电特性分析

本文通过理论分析,提出了双流体荷电雾化过程中,增大电场强度或减小液滴粒径均能提高荷电效果的论点。针对不同的电极布置情况建立了数值模拟模型,计算结果表明,双流体喷嘴接地时,喷嘴与环状电极之间的电场强度比喷嘴不接地时大很多。通过实验,验证了电场强度、液滴粒径等参数对荷电效果的影响规律,在环状电极荷电情况下,双流体喷嘴接地时,液体荷质比高于双流体喷嘴不接地时的荷质比;电场强度增大,荷质比增加;液滴粒径越小,荷质比越大;在一定的电导率范围内,电导率越大,荷质比越小。实际喷雾中,运动液滴发生二次破碎的临界荷电量小于Rayleigh极限。     

压电式微滴按需喷射的过程控制和规律

微滴喷射增材制造技术中沉积微滴的大小与均匀性是影响成型件质量的关键因素.本文设计了一种用于生成均匀微滴的压电驱动式微滴喷射装置,通过压电材料带动柔性膜片振动,将液体从喷嘴中喷出生成微滴,采用数值模拟和实验相结合的方法,研究了不同控制参数下膜片振幅及其对生成微滴尺寸和均匀性的影响.研究结果表明:膜片振幅大小受到驱动电压和压电频率的共同影响,压电频率是导致膜片中心点振幅实验测量值小于理论计算值的主要原因,膜片振动会导致喷嘴内部压力发生变化从而影响微滴生成尺寸.在相同驱动电压条件下,压电频率为10 Hz时存在压电膜片振幅最大值.随着膜片振幅的增大,喷孔处液体速度和液柱长度增大到临界值时可以生成微滴,当喷孔处的液柱长度超过临界值时,会形成卫星液滴. 当膜片振幅区间在30 $\mu$m$\sim $42 $\mu $m可以稳定生成微滴,生成最小微滴尺寸为339.8$\mu$m,直径最大变化率为0.29%,相邻两微滴间距最大变化率为2.67%,生成微滴的尺寸及均匀性较好.研究结果有助于提高压电式微滴喷射装置的液滴生成质量.      

InN量子点的液滴外延及物性表征

由于1. 55μm波段广泛应用于通信领域,为了探索不同生长温度对InN量子点的形貌影响,并且实现自组装InN量子点在1. 55μm通信波段的发光,对InN量子点的液滴外延及物性进行了相关研究。首先利用射频等离子体辅助分子束外延(PA-MBE)技术在GaN模板上,采用液滴外延方法在3种温度下生长了InN量子点结构。生长过程中靠反射高能电子衍射(RHEED)对样品进行原位监控。原子力显微镜(AFM)表征结果表明随着生长温度升高,量子点尺寸变大,密度减小。在生长温度350℃和400℃下,观测到了量子点;当温度高于450℃时,未观测到InN量子点。当生长温度为400℃时,量子点形貌最好,密度为6×10~8/cm~2,对400℃下生长的InN量子点进行了变温PL测试,成功得到InN量子点在1. 55μm波段附近的光致发光,并且随着测试温度的升高,量子点的发光峰位发生了先红移后蓝移最后又红移的S型曲线变化,这种量子点有望在未来应用于量子通信领域。     

Deposition pattern of drying droplets

The drying of liquid droplets is a common daily life phenomenon that has long held a special interest in scientific research. When the droplet includes nonvolatile solutes, the evaporation of the solvent induces rich deposition patterns of solutes on the substrate. Understanding the formation mechanism of these patterns has important ramifications for technical applications,ranging from coating to inkjet printing to disease detection. This topical review addresses the development of physical understanding of tailoring the specific ring-like deposition patterns of drying droplets. We start with a brief introduction of the experimental techniques that are developed to control these patterns of sessile droplets. We then summarize the development of the corresponding theory. Particular attention herein is focused on advances and issues related to applying the Onsager variational principle (OVP) theory to the study of the deposition patterns of drying droplets. The main obstacle to conventional theory is the requirement of complex numerical solutions, but fortunately there has been recent groundbreaking progress due to the OVP theory. The advantage of the OVP theory is that it can be used as an approximation tool to reduce the high-order conventional hydrodynamic equations to first-order evolution equations,facilitating the analysis of soft matter dynamic problems. As such, OVP theory is now well poised to become a theory of choice for predicting deposition patterns of drying droplets.     

Numerical simulation of droplet ejection of thermal inkjet printheads

In this study, we present a method to predict the droplet ejection in thermal inkjet printheads including the growth and collapse of a vapor bubble and refill of the firing chamber. The three‐dimensional Navier–Stokes equations are solved using a finite‐volume approach with a fixed Cartesian mesh. The piecewise‐linear interface calculation‐based volume‐of‐fluid method is employed to track and reconstruct the ink–air interface. A geometrical computation based on Lagrangian advection is used to compute the mass flux and advance the interface. A simple and efficient model for the bubble dynamics is employed to model the effect of ink vapor on the adjacent ink liquid. To solve the surface tension‐dominated flow accurately, a hierarchical curvature‐estimation method is proposed to adapt to the local grid resolution. The numerical methods mentioned earlier have been implemented in an internal simulation code, CFD3. The numerical examples presented in the study show good performance of CFD3 in prediction of surface tension‐dominated free‐surface flows, for example, droplet ejection in thermal inkjet printing. Currently, CFD3 is used extensively for printhead development within Hewlett‐Packard. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of four acidic nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in wastewater samples by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet and high‐performance liquid chromatography

A simple, environmentally friendly, and sensitive dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet for the extraction of four acidic nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (ketoprofen, naproxen, ibuprofen, and diclofenac) from wastewater samples subsequent by high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis was developed. The influence of extraction parameters such as pH, the effect of solution ionic strength, type of extraction solvent, disperser solvent, and extraction solvent volume were studied. High enrichment factors (283–302) were obtained through the developed method. The method provides good linearity (r > 0.999) in a concentration range of 1–100 μg/L, good intra‐ and inter‐day precision (relative standard deviation < 7%) and low limits of quantification. The relative recoveries of the selected compounds were situated over 80% both in synthetic and real water samples. The developed method has been successfully applied for the analysis of the selected compounds in wastewater samples.