全文获取类型
收费全文 | 8546篇 |
免费 | 1183篇 |
国内免费 | 451篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 3872篇 |
晶体学 | 20篇 |
力学 | 818篇 |
综合类 | 212篇 |
数学 | 2566篇 |
物理学 | 2692篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 2篇 |
2023年 | 127篇 |
2022年 | 251篇 |
2021年 | 295篇 |
2020年 | 445篇 |
2019年 | 291篇 |
2018年 | 266篇 |
2017年 | 332篇 |
2016年 | 391篇 |
2015年 | 331篇 |
2014年 | 511篇 |
2013年 | 539篇 |
2012年 | 519篇 |
2011年 | 504篇 |
2010年 | 411篇 |
2009年 | 537篇 |
2008年 | 516篇 |
2007年 | 525篇 |
2006年 | 494篇 |
2005年 | 412篇 |
2004年 | 387篇 |
2003年 | 309篇 |
2002年 | 262篇 |
2001年 | 220篇 |
2000年 | 189篇 |
1999年 | 160篇 |
1998年 | 151篇 |
1997年 | 122篇 |
1996年 | 102篇 |
1995年 | 111篇 |
1994年 | 91篇 |
1993年 | 74篇 |
1992年 | 61篇 |
1991年 | 37篇 |
1990年 | 29篇 |
1989年 | 25篇 |
1988年 | 18篇 |
1987年 | 17篇 |
1986年 | 16篇 |
1985年 | 26篇 |
1984年 | 15篇 |
1983年 | 6篇 |
1982年 | 8篇 |
1981年 | 3篇 |
1980年 | 6篇 |
1979年 | 14篇 |
1978年 | 5篇 |
1977年 | 6篇 |
1976年 | 5篇 |
1971年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 22 毫秒
1.
Hydrothermal synthesis using graphene oxide (GO) as a precursor has been used to produce luminescent graphene quantum dots (GQDs). However, such a method usually requires many reagents and multistep pretreatments, while can give rise to GQDs with low quantum yield (QY). Here, we investigated the concentration, the temperature of synthesis, and the pH of the GO solution used in the hydrothermal method through factorial design experiments aiming to optimize the QY of GQDs to reach a better control of their luminescent properties. The best synthesis condition (2 mg/mL, 175 °C, and pH = 8.0) yielded GQDs with a relatively high QY (8.9%) without the need of using laborious steps or dopants. GQDs synthesized under different conditions were characterized to understand the role of each synthesis parameter in the materials' structure and luminescence properties. It was found that the control of the synthesis parameters enables the tailoring of the amount of specific oxygen functionalities onto the surface of the GQDs. By changing the synthesis' conditions, it was possible to prioritize the production of GQDs with more hydroxyl or carboxyl groups, which influence their luminescent properties. The as-developed GQDs with tailored composition were used as luminescent probes to detect Fe3+. The lowest limit of detection (0.136 μM) was achieved using GQDs with higher amounts of carboxylic groups, while wider linear range was obtained by GQDs with superior QY. Thus, our findings contribute to rationally produce GQDs with tailored properties for varied applications by simply adjusting the synthesis conditions and suggest a pathway to understand the mechanism of detection of GQDs-based optical sensors. 相似文献
2.
Carotenoids are an essential component of cashew and can be used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, natural pigment, food additives, among other applications. The present work focuses on optimizing and comparing conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods. Every optimization step took place with a 1:1 (w:w) mixture of yellow and red cashew apples lyophilized and ground in a cryogenic mill. A Simplex-centroid design was applied for both methods, and the solvents acetone, methanol, ethanol, and petroleum ether were evaluated. After choosing the extractor solvent, a central composite design was applied to optimize the sample mass (59–201 mg) and extraction time (6–34 min). The optimum conditions for the extractor solvent were 38% acetone, 30% ethanol, and 32% petroleum ether for CE and a mixture of 44% acetone and 56% methanol for UAE. The best experimental conditions for UAE were a sonication time of 19 min and a sample mass of 153 mg, while the CE was 23 min and 136 mg. Comparing red and yellow cashews, red cashews showed a higher carotenoid content in both methodologies. The UAE methodology was ca. 21% faster, presented a more straightforward composition of extracting solution, showed an average yield of superior carotenoid content in all samples compared to CE. Therefore, UAE has demonstrated a simple, efficient, fast, low-cost adjustment methodology and a reliable alternative for other applications involving these bioactive compounds in the studied or similar matrix. 相似文献
3.
设计受控实验是科学实验实证的重要手段,这种科学探究的核心能力,也是教育部在《普通高中化学课程标准(2017年版2020年修订)》中对学生能力的评价之一。在分析学生能力现状、教材内容后,经过教学实施,充分利用教材,帮助学生认识变量控制要素,达成能系统地综合应用变量控制解决实际问题的教学目标。 相似文献
4.
氧化还原与电解的相关知识是中学化学学习的重点内容。应用自主研制的MXLab21先进数字化实验系统电解Fe2(SO4)3溶液,用电解生成的Fe2+直接滴定KMnO4溶液以测定其浓度,再用返滴法测定消毒液中H2O2的含量。对恒电流电解的最佳条件如Fe2(SO4)3溶液浓度及电解电流大小进行了优化。该数字化实验系统相比较于常规数字化仪器(或手持技术)的优越性在于其自带电解、搅拌及控制系统,能在电解的同时利用电生物质实现对待测物质的准确测定,测定时间短(不超过4 min)。本实验采用预设终点电势值的方法自动估计滴定终点,不但便捷准确,且呈现出的实时直观的电势和电量随时间变化的动态曲线便于学生理解电解及氧化还原滴定反应的微观本质,对中学化学教学及化学学科核心素养的培养具有重要价值。 相似文献
5.
6.
7.
在高压电线运输电力过程中容易发生电晕放电现象,存在安全隐患,因此,进行电晕放电的检测十分必要。利用日盲紫外镜头进行电晕检测是检测手段之一。基于Zemax多重组态功能设计了一款大孔径宽光谱变焦镜头,目的是配合变焦范围为90 mm~165 mm变焦距紫外镜头应用,可在电晕放电信号检测时,全天候、快速准确找出损坏线路的位置。该镜头采用4组元、近对称结构型式,F数为1.4,可变焦范围在30 mm~55 mm,工作光谱波段为400 nm~850 nm,空间频率100 lp/mm处全视场MTF≥0.4,最大畸变≤±3%,均采用标准球面设计,系统总长为110 mm,适用于0.847 cm(1/3英寸)CCD,能较好地矫正各类像差,满足各零件基本加工工艺要求。 相似文献
8.
The growing worldwide energy needs call for developing novel materials for energy applications. Ab initio density functional theory (DFT) calculations allow the understanding and prediction of material properties at the atomic scale, thus, play an important role in energy materials design. Due to the fast progress of computer power and development of calculation methodologies, DFT-based calculations have greatly improved their predictive power, and are now leading to a paradigm shift towards theory-driven materials design. The aim of this perspective is to introduce the advances in DFT calculations which accelerate energy materials design. We first present state-of-the-art DFT methods for accurate simulation of various key properties of energy materials. Then we show examples of how these advances lead to the discovery of new energy materials for photovoltaic, photocatalytic, thermoelectric, and battery applications. The challenges and future research directions in computational design of energy materials are highlighted at the end. 相似文献
9.
在“宏观辨识与微观探析”视域下进行中和反应教学,首先以常规实验为载体,从宏观视角认识中和反应的外在表现,然后以模型、动画为载体,从微观视角了解中和反应的微观过程,再以数字化实验为载体,从宏观与微观相结合的视角理解中和反应的内在本质,最后联系生产生活实际,体验中和反应的应用价值。这样设计,学生能深刻理解中和反应的本质,增进化学学科理解,培养化学学科核心素养。 相似文献
10.
Polymer electrolytes have attracted great interest for next-generation lithium-based batteries on account of safety and high energy density. In this review, we assess recent progress on the design of poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO)-based solid polymer electrolytes in high voltage lithium batteries and identify possible side reactions between PEO-based electrolytes and existing cathodes. We provide an overview of the ways to enhance high voltage resistance of PEO-based electrolytes. Those include components blend, molecular design and interface modification. With these efforts, we want to present new insights into rational design of PEO-based electrolytes to develop solid-state lithium batteries for advanced performance. 相似文献