TATB及其杂质的绝热分解研究

用加速热量仪研究了TATB及其杂质的绝热分解过程 ,得到了绝热分解温度和压力随时间的变化曲线以及温升速率随温度的变化曲线 ,根据绝热加速热量仪的温升速率方程和Arrhenius方程 ,计算了TATB绝热分解的动力学参数。结果表明 :TATB的初始热分解温度大于 2 90℃ ,反应系统最高温度大于 340℃ ,最大压力超过 1MPa ,而TCTNB和TCDNB存在多次放热反应 ,但每次放热量都很小 ,只有最后一次放热速率比较大。     

Electrochemical assessment of water|ionic liquid biphasic systems towards cesium extraction from nuclear waste

A room temperature ionic liquid (IL) composed of a quaternary alkylphosphonium (trihexyltetradecylphosphonium, P₆₆₆₁₄⁺) and tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate anion (TB⁻) was employed within a water|P₆₆₆₁₄TB (w|P₆₆₆₁₄TB or w|IL) biphasic system to evaluate cesium ion extraction in comparison to that with a traditional water|organic solvent (w|o) combination. ¹³⁷Cs is a major contributor to the radioactivity of spent nuclear fuel as it leaves the reactor, and its extraction efficiency is therefore of considerable importance. The extraction was facilitated by the ligand octyl(phenyl)-N,N′-diisobutylcarbamoylphosphine oxide (CMPO) used in TRans-Uranium EXtraction processes and investigated through well established liquid|liquid electrochemistry. This study gave access to the metal ion to ligand (1:n) stoichiometry and overall complexation constant, β, of the interfacial complexation reaction which were determined to be 1:3 and 1.6 × 10¹¹ at the w|P₆₆₆₁₄TB interface while the study at w|o elicited an n equal to 1 with β equal to 86.5. Through a straightforward relationship, these complexation constant values were converted to distribution coefficients, δ_α, with the ligand concentrations studied for comparison to other studies present in the literature; the w|o and w|IL systems gave δ_α of 2 and 8.2 × 10⁷, respectively, indicating a higher overall extraction efficiency for the latter. For the w|o system, the metal ion-ligand stoichiometries were confirmed through isotopic distribution analysis of mass spectra obtained by the direct injection of an emulsified water–organic solvent mixture into an electron spray ionization mass spectrometer.     

TATB固体与表面吸附水的相互作用研究

TATB（1，3，5-三氨基-2，4，6-三硝基苯）是最著名的耐热钝感炸药；水在 TATB表面的吸附作用研究具有理论和实用双重意义。在B3LYP/6-31G~（**）水平上 ，在对TATB晶体（001）表面作周期性计算的基础上经基组叠加误差（BSSE）校正 ，求得TATB的表面能为-19.90 kJ·mol~(-1)，与实验值良好相符；首次求得水在 TATB（001）面的吸附能为-10.25kJ·mol~(-1)；重点讨论了吸附前后能带和电子 结构的变化。     

偏氟乙烯/三氟氯乙烯交替共聚物在TATB表面吸附的分子动力学模拟

采用COMPASS力场和NVT正则系综的动力学模拟方法, 搭建了聚合度分别为10, 50和100的偏氟乙烯(VDF)/三氟氯乙烯(CTFE)交替共聚物, 对交替共聚物在1,3,5-三氨基-2,4,6-三硝基苯(TATB)的(0,0,1)晶面上的吸附和结构进行了分子动力学(MD)模拟. 结果表明, 在300～320 K温区, 聚合度为100的VDF/CTFE交替共聚物链对TATB晶体有理想的表面活性和吸附能力, 以train型构象平铺于TATB表面. 通过对聚合度为10的交替共聚物的多链体系在TATB表面吸附的MD模拟, 表明了VDF/CTFE交替共聚物具有非凝聚吸附的高表面活性特征. 对搭建的乙酸乙酯溶剂化的聚合度为50的VDF/CTFE交替共聚物在TATB晶体表面吸附的模拟, 实验证明了溶剂小分子能够降低共聚物链的吸附能力, 且链以tail型构象吸附于TATB表面.     

HMX/TATB复合材料弹性性能的MD模拟

用分子动力学(MD)方法COMPASS力场, 分别在正则系综(NVT)和等温等压系综(NPT)下, 模拟计算了著名常用高能炸药HMX(环四甲撑四硝胺)与著名钝感炸药TATB (1,3,5-三氨基-2,4,6三硝基苯)所构成的混合体系在室温时的弹性性能和结合能. 结果表明, 在NVT和NPT两种系综下模拟所得结果呈平行一致的趋势; 与纯HMX相比, HMX/TATB复合材料的拉伸模量、体模量和剪切模量均有所下降; 在NVT系综下, 还完成了HMX/TATB混合体系的不同温度的MD模拟. 发现当温度在245～345 K范围时, 体系的刚性和弹性变化很小; 但当温度达到395 K时, 材料的刚性减弱, 柔性增强.     

About the TATB assumption: effect of charge reversal on transfer of large spherical ions from aqueous to non-aqueous solvents and on their interfacial behaviour

We present a molecular dynamics study of the solvation properties of large spherical ions S⁺ and S⁻ of same size, in water, chloroform and acetonitrile solutions, and at a water–chloroform interface. According to the “extrathermodynamic” TATB hypothesis, such ions have identical free energies of transfer from water to any solvent. We find that this is not the case, because S⁻ interacts better than S⁺ with water (by about 20 kcal mol⁻¹), while S⁺ is better solvated by acetonitrile (by about 2 kcal mol⁻¹) and chloroform (about 8 kcal mol⁻¹) solvents. The importance of “long-range” electrostatic interactions on the charge discrimination by solvent is demonstrated by the comparison of standard vs corrected methods to calculate: (i) the electrostatic potential at the centre of the solute; (ii) the interaction energies between the ions and the solvents; and (iii) the free energies of charging the neutral sphere S⁰ to S⁺ and S⁻, respectively. These conclusions are obtained with several solvent models and simulation conditions. The question of ion pairing for the S⁺S⁻, S⁺Cl⁻ and S⁻Na⁺ pairs is also examined in the three solvents. Finally, simulations at a liquid–liquid water–chloroform interface represented explicitly, show that S⁺ and S⁻ are highly surface active, although they do not possess, like classical surfactants, an amphiphilic topology. Adsorption at the interface is found with different methodologies and at different ion concentrations. These results are important in the context of the “TATB hypothesis”, and for our understanding of solvation of large hydrophobic ions in pure liquids or in heterogeneous liquid environments.     

精确计算TATB分子间相互作用能并重新认识其作用本质

TATB炸药的钝感性质与其分子间强烈的相互作用密切相关，目前尚难以用实验方法直接准确地测定其分子间相互作用能。已发表的理论研究工作受当时计算方法和条件限制，计算结果误差较大、充满矛盾。本文用B3PW91-D3BJ/def2-TZVPP方法优化了TATB二聚体可能存在的六种构型的几何结构并作振动频率分析，发现仅有三种稳定构型，即氢键构型A，堆叠构型B和C，用MP2/def2-TZVPP方法重新优化了这三种构型的几何结构参数，并用于CCSD(T)/CBS方法计算，得到分子间相互作用能分别为A: -6.20，B: -15.45，C: -15.65 kcal/mol，CCSD(T)/CBS计算中发现构型B和C的高级校正项大约是分子间相互作用能的50%，是MP2方法不可能准确预测TATB二聚体堆叠构型分子间相互作用能的原因；本文还用新一代能量分解方法ALMO-EDA分析了TATB分子间相互作用本质，发现对于堆叠构型B和C，除了色散作用之外，静电吸引对决定TATB二聚体中的几何结构十分重要，TATB高能炸药良好的钝感性质起源于其分子间较强静电吸引的驱动和定向，使之形成稳定的堆叠结构，其稳定性来源于色散和静电的协同作用。     

TATB生成焓的量子力学计算

采用Hartree-Fock方法和密度泛函 BPW91方法,对TATB分子的几何结构进行了优化,计算了其电子能量和热运动的能量.计算并讨论了TATB的生成焓.结果表明,TATB分子中的苯环离域电子结构引起TATB生成焓计算的较大的系统偏差;利用具有相似离域电子结构的苯和NO的生成焓进行修正,计算得到的TATB生成热与实验结果符合较好.?     

高压下TATB压缩性质的LDA和GGA比较研究

本文采用第一性原理密度泛函理论,结合平面波赝势方法,采用局域密度近似(LDA)和广义梯度近似(GGA)两种方法计算了TATB晶体在高压(0~7 GPa)压缩下的结构和物理性质,并与实验数据进行了比较.详细讨论了TATB晶体的晶体结构和分子构型随压力的变化.