公路路基黄土湿陷性评价问题

公路工程对湿陷性黄土的研究基本上是采用房建建筑的规范和试验规程进行勘察和设计,由于公路路基的工作环境和受力状态与房建工程地基差异很大,将房建建筑的规范直接应用于黄土地区高等级公路的湿陷性评价与计算存在着盲目性、不合理性,更为重要的是缺乏针对性。本文通过对现有规范在路基黄土湿陷性方面的合理性与实用性研究,结合降雨入渗的分布规律,提出了适合黄土地区高速公路的路基黄土湿陷性评价方法与模型。     

降雨冲刷对黄土公路边坡植物防护影响的试验研究

通过对裸露黄土公路边坡、厚层基材植草公路边坡、三维网植草公路边坡以及平台植树公路边坡的现场降雨冲刷试验,阐述了不同防护型式的公路黄土边坡在降雨条件下的坡面径流、含泥量以及坡面冲刷情况,得出了"降雨对边坡坡面的侵蚀过程,首先是从雨滴直接打击土体开始,进而引起溅蚀,分散土粒,紧接着发生超渗径流造成坡面冲刷。"以及"对坡面破坏最大的是坡顶上方来水"等重要结论。验证了坡面植物防护以及平台植树等防护方法可以有效降低降雨冲刷对坡面的侵蚀破坏,为黄土地区公路边坡植物防护的设计施工以提供了可靠的依据。     

A method to quantitatively estimate rainfall rate above water surface based on different spectra shapes generated by rainfall

A method combined with the nonlinear least-square regression to quantitatively estimate rainfall rate over water surface from the different spectrum shapes generated by rainfall in some frequency bands was presented.About 2000 min spectrum data generated by rainfall have been collected in an open-lake in Xiamen city.As a result,the spectrum shape in 15-30 kHz is fitted to log-linear law which allows classification of rain into three categories from the spectrum slope:no rain,drizzle(rainfall rate>10 mm/h)and heavy rain(rainfall rate>10 mm/h).Then,rainfall detection is made and rainfall rate is quantified in drizzle time with Logistic model in the frequency bands of 2-15 kHz,and the rainfall rate in heavy rainfall also quantified with log-linear regression.Finally,all measured spectrum data are used to calculate rainfall rate with the algorithm.The results show that the estimated rainfall rates are comparably coincident with the synchronously measured ones.The average error of accumulative rainfall per min is only l%-4%.     

降雨对532nm和1064nm激光传输的衰减特性研究

降雨会对激光信号产生严重的衰减,从而给激光目标探测的应用带来一定影响.激光在降雨中的传输衰减已在红外波段做了大量的实验研究,而可见光波段激光在雨中的传输衰减特性还未见报道.基于夫琅禾费衍射和几何光学散射理论,建立雨滴对532 nm绿激光和1064 nm近红外激光光束的传输衰减模型,对比分析两波长激光在不同降雨量下的衰减...     

降雨对无线激光通信的影响

通过激光信号在雨介质中传输的实验发现,在大雨环境下,激光信号透射率要比在小雨或微雨的情况下大。这说明光信号在小雨时衰减较大,在大雨时衰减较小。这一现象与人们通常所认为的有所不同。针对降雨对激光信号的影响,根据Mie散射理论和Weibull雨滴尺寸分布模型,分析了不同尺寸的粒子对光的散射作用以及对衰减效率因子的影响,推导出单球粒子对光波的衰减公式,得到了衰减与降雨率的确定关系。通过数值计算发现,与小粒子相比大粒子的前向散射光强更大且更加集中;激光信号在雨介质中传输时,衰减系数在小雨时较大,中雨、大雨时较小,暴雨时不断增大。这一结果与实际情况较吻合,为激光在通信系统中的应用提供了一定的理论依据。     

三聚氰胺脲醛树脂发泡体应用于绿色屋顶基质的效果

选用自制的三聚氰胺脲醛树脂发泡体(MUF发泡体)加入红壤中作为绿色屋顶营养基质层,珍珠岩、蛭石、沸石和活性炭作为吸附基质层,构建4种不同配比的绿色屋顶模拟装置,选择3种不同降雨强度,通过监测绿色屋顶径流总氮、氨氮、硝氮、总磷浓度随降雨时间的变化规律,探讨其中氮磷迁移转化关系。结果表明：MUF发泡体添加后,绿色屋顶表现为氨氮、总磷的汇,总氮、硝氮的源;不同条件下各装置径流氮磷浓度与降雨时间整体呈负相关;不同基质配比下各装置总氮、氨氮平均浓度差异显著,而硝氮和总磷平均浓度无显著性差异。MUF发泡体添加量与各装置径流氨氮浓度呈显著正相关,与总磷呈负相关;降雨强度与各装置径流氨氮平均浓度呈正相关,与硝氮呈负相关。MUF发泡体基质不仅是高效除磷基质,还可以作为绿色屋顶植物的氮源,适合应用于绿色屋顶基质,同时解决了常用的基质容重较大和吸水保水性能差所造成屋顶荷载较大、截流减污效果差等问题。     

有雨概率与分维数关系的初步研究

对武汉地区１９８２～１９９４年有雨分维数与有雨概率之间的关系进行了初步的分析和研究，并给出了研究结果．为今后修改降雨衰减预报模型作准备．     

剖析生活现象 探究自然规律

昭平地处亚热带，降雨量较多，雨后，落叶紧贴地面，很难清扫，其原因是什么呢?为此，我们决定成立研究性学习小组，同心协力来探究这一物理现象。     

Trend of extreme precipitation events over China in last 40 years

Using the daily precipitation data of 740 stations in China from 1960 to 2000, the analysis on the variations and distributions of the frequency and the percentage of extreme precipitation to the annual rainfall have been performed in this paper. Results indicate that the percentage of heavy rains （above 25mm/day） in the annual rainfall has increased, while on average the day number of heavy rains has slightly reduced during the past 40 years. In the end of 1970s and the beginning of 1980s, both the number of days with extreme precipitation and the percentage of extreme precipitation abruptly changed over China, especially in the northern China. By moving t test, the abrupt change year of extreme precipitation for each station and its spatial distribution over the whole country are also obtained. The abrupt change years concentrated in 1978-1982 for most regions of northern China while occurred at various stations in southern China in greatly different/diverse years. Besides the abrupt change years of extreme precipitation at part stations of Northwest China happened about 5 years later in comparison with that of the country＇s average.     

多情景降雨-径流的巫山县公路洪灾预警研究

暴雨情景下,山区径流水位突涨、流速与流量骤变等易发生公路洪灾,对人民生命财产安全造成巨大威胁。以巫山县为例,在不同强度降雨阈值下对降雨-径流水文参数指标进行量化处理,全面分析了降雨与水位、流速、流量之间的关系,并在多情景降雨下,基于公路洪灾孕灾指标,构建了公路洪灾预警模型。研究结果表明：山区径流水位变化幅度大于流速,而在大暴雨及特大暴雨情景下（降雨临界值185 mm）,流速变化大于水位,在不同降雨阈值下,等级较低的河流更易发生公路洪灾,其水位空间变化更剧烈、效应范围更广;而流量与水位变化则对等级较高的径流影响更大,且河流等级越高变化越明显;巫山县公路洪灾易发程度介于轻度与重度之间,东北与西南部区域公路洪灾易发性强,且较为集中,西南部、东部与中部,公路洪灾易发程度介于重度与中度之间,西北部、中部与南部区,介于轻度与中度之间。该研究结果可为山区公路洪灾防治提供决策依据。