CeO2基磨粒在化学机械抛光中的研究进展

CeO₂由于其适当的机械性能及高的化学活性，更重要的是其对Si₃N₄/SiO₂的高选择性去除，使其被广泛应用于浅槽隔离化学机械抛光工艺中。本文论述了CeO₂基抛光液的抛光机制的研究进展，从CeO₂磨料的形貌尺寸、晶体结构、力学性能方面分析了磨料性质对抛光性能的影响，并进一步讨论了CeO₂基研磨颗粒及相关辅助抛光技术在CMP应用上的研究进展。以此为CeO₂基磨料的可控制备及新型抛光技术的发展提供借鉴，并希望能够促进CeO₂基研磨颗粒在抛光工艺中作用机制的揭示，使CeO₂抛光液更广泛地应用于材料的平坦化处理中。     

石墨烯负载的氧配位钴单原子稳定金属锂负极

Lithium (Li)-based batteries are the dominant energy source for consumer electronics, grid storage, and electrified transportation. However, the development of batteries based on graphite anodes is hindered by their limited energy density. With its ultrahigh theoretical capacity (3860 mAh∙g⁻¹), low redox potential (−3.04 V), and satisfactorily low density (0.54 g∙cm⁻³), Li metal is the most promising anode for next-generation high-energy-density batteries. Unfortunately, the limited cycling life and safety issues raised by dendrite growth, unstable solid electrolyte interphase, and "dead Li" have inhibited their practical use. An effective strategy is to develop a suitable lithiophilic matrix for regulating initial Li nucleation behavior and controlling subsequent Li growth. Herein, single-atom cobalt coordinated to oxygen sites on graphene (Co-O-G SA) is demonstrated as a Li plating substrate to efficiently regulate Li metal nucleation and growth. Owing to its dense and more uniform lithiophilic sites than single-atom cobalt coordinated to nitrogen sites on graphene (Co-N-G SA), high electronic conductivity, and high specific surface area (519 m²∙g⁻¹), Co-O-G SA could significantly reduce the local current density and promote the reversibility of Li plating and stripping. As a result, the Co-O-G SA based Li anodes exhibited a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.9% at a current density of 1 mA∙cm⁻² with a capacity of 1 mAh∙cm⁻², and excellent rate capability (high current density of 8 mA∙cm⁻²). Even at a high plating capacity of 6 mAh∙cm⁻², the Co-O-G SA electrode could stably cycle for an ultralong lifespan of 1300 h. In the symmetric battery, the Co-O-G SA based Li anode (Co-O-G SA/Li) possessed a stable voltage profile of 18 mV for 780 h at 1 mA∙cm⁻², and even at a high current density of 3 mA∙cm⁻², its overpotential maintained a small hysteresis of approximately 24 mV for > 550 h. Density functional theory calculations showed that the surface of Co-O-G SA had a stronger interaction with Li atoms with a larger binding energy, −3.1 eV, than that of Co-N-G SA (−2.5 eV), leading to a uniform distribution of metallic Li on the Co-O-G SA surface. More importantly, when matched with a sulfur cathode, the resulting Co-O-G SA/lithium sulfur full batteries exhibited a high capacity of 1002 mAh∙g⁻¹, improved kinetics with a small polarization of 191 mV, and an ultralow capacity decay rate of 0.036% per cycle for 1000 cycles at 0.5C (1C = 1675 mA∙g⁻¹) with a steady Coulombic efficiency of nearly 100%. Therefore, this work provides novel insights into the coordination environment of single atoms for the chemistry of Li metal anodes for high-energy-density batteries.     

菱形颗粒冲蚀磨损特性试验及仿真研究

本文中针对单个硬质角形颗粒冲击金属材料表面的过程,设计了弹射试验装置,研究菱形颗粒冲击行为及冲蚀机理.采用高速摄像机,捕捉不同冲击速度v_i、冲击角度α_i和方位角度θ_i下颗粒的运动轨迹.建立了基于拉格朗日法的FEM-SPH耦合数值计算模型,借助于模型进一步分析了角形颗粒的运动学行为和变形凹坑形态.结果表明:冲击角α和方位角θ是决定颗粒旋转的关键因素,在某一固定冲击角αi下存在一个临界方位角θcr_i,当θiθ_(cri)时颗粒冲击后发生前旋旋转,当θ_iθ_(cri)时颗粒冲击后发生后旋旋转;冲击诱导的颗粒旋转对冲蚀机理的影响较大,颗粒前旋旋转对金属材料产生"耕犁"作用,后旋旋转对金属材料产生"撬起剔除"作用.颗粒的动能损失受到冲击角α_i和方位角θ_i的影响较大,临界方位角θ_(cri)下颗粒的动能损失最大,凹坑变形最严重.     

贵金属纳米颗粒的微生物合成

金属纳米颗粒在材料、催化、医学、环境等众多领域应用广泛,其中,金、银、铂、钯等贵金属的纳米颗粒作为良好的催化剂可提高反应的速率,因此,贵金属纳米颗粒的合成吸引了众多研究者的关注。传统的物理化学法虽能高效、可控地合成贵金属纳米颗粒,但是合成条件苛刻、成本昂贵、且会产生对环境有害的化学物质。因此,探索节能、环保、可持续的绿色合成方法成为纳米合成研究的热点之一。贵金属纳米颗粒的微生物合成法具备绿色合成技术的诸多要素,研究表明某些微生物能将金属盐转化成纳米材料,且微生物繁殖速度快、培养成本低、生长条件温和,从而得到了研究者们的广泛关注。本文归纳总结了目前微生物合成贵金属纳米颗粒的主要研究进展,包括贵金属纳米颗粒可能的合成机制以及尺寸与形貌控制方法,探讨了其在医学、催化、生物传感、环境方面的具体应用,并对贵金属纳米颗粒微生物合成的未来发展进行了展望。     

粒间摩擦对含有点缺陷的二维颗粒堆积体底部力链的影响

力链对颗粒物质的宏观与微观力学性质起着决定性的作用。在离散元法的基础上,建立二维规则排列的颗粒物质系统,分别研究无缺陷颗粒系统在集中载荷变化与有缺陷颗粒系统在缺陷区域改变时,粒间摩擦系数对颗粒系统底部接触力分布规律的影响。结果表明:在无缺陷颗粒系统中,颗粒系统底部接触力的分布形式受摩擦系数和集中载荷的大小影响。随摩擦系数的增大,底部接触力由双峰形式经平台过渡,逐渐向单峰形式转变。在有缺陷颗粒系统中,摩擦系数和缺陷尺寸对底部接触力分布均有影响。同种载荷作用下,随缺陷尺寸的增大,底部接触力峰值显著增大;底部平均力被明显削弱,力向边界的传递增强。系统中轴线上缺陷的存在使底部中间区域受力削弱,当缺陷尺寸超过2层以上时,底部中间力随摩擦系数的变化特征由递增曲线演变为线形衰减曲线。     

基于电化学发光和阻抗技术研究DNA单碱基错配

单碱基错配的识别和稳定性差异在核酸多态性研究中至关重要。在同一电化学传感器平台上，采用电化学发光（ECL）和电化学阻抗（EIS）2种技术，协同研究DNA链中不同类型和不同位点的单碱基错配识别和稳定性差异。电极表面具有茎环构象的探针DNA与完全互补DNA、不同类型或不同位点单碱基错配DNA杂交前后的ECL和EIS信号强度变化有显著差异。信号强度变化可揭示单碱基错配识别的稳定性。结果表明，DNA链中心位点的C-A单碱基错配稳定性低于链两端的，靠近键合电极表面双链链端的C-A单碱基错配稳定性低于非键合电极表面双链链端的，同一中心位点C-X碱基对的稳定性顺序为C-G?C-T>C-A≥C-C。研究结果可为核酸多态性研究提供参考。