室内空气流动数值模拟的N点风口动量模型

为适应工程应用中快速、准确模拟室内空气流动的需要，提出N点风口动量模型，以简化描述利用计算流体动力学CFD方法模拟室内空气流动时百叶、多孔板类送风口的入流边界条件。百叶和多孔板风口的等温自由射流算例以及HESCO孔板类散流器在室内送风的算例和实验数据对比表明，N点风口动量模型可以较好地解决数值模拟室内空气流动的风口入流边界条件描述问题。  

Lift and power requirements of hovering insect flight

Lift and power requirements for hovering flight of eight species of insects are studied by solving the Navier-Stokes equation numerically. The solution provides velocity and pressure fields, from which unsteady aerodynamic forces and moments are obtained. The inertial torque of wing mass are computed analytically. The wing length of the insects ranges from 2 mm (fruit fly) to 52 mm (hawkmoth); Reynolds numbers Re (based on mean flapping speed and mean chord length) ranges from 75 to 3850. The primary findings are shown in the following: (1) Either small (R = 2mm, Re = 75), medium (R ≈ 10 mm, Re ≈ 500) or large (R ≈ 50 mm, Re ≈ 4 000) insects mainly employ the same high-lift mechanism, delayed stall, to produce lift in hovering flight. The midstroke angle of attack needed to produce a mean lift equal to the insect weight is approximately in the range of 25° to 45°, which is approximately in agreement with observation. (2) For the small insect (fruit fly) and for the medium and large insects with relatively small wingbeat frequency (cranefly, ladybird and hawkmoth), the specific power ranges from 18 to 39W·kg^-1 , the major part of the power is due to aerodynamic force, and the elastic storage of negative work does not change the specific power greatly. However for medium and large insects with relatively large wingbeat frequency (hover fly, dronefly, honey bee and bumble bee), the specific power ranges from 39 to 61 W·kg^-1 , the major part of the power is due to wing inertia, and the elastic storage of negative work can decrease the specific power by approximately 33%. (3) For the case of power being mainly contributed by aerodynamic force (fruit fly, cranefly, ladybird and hawkmoth), the specific power is proportional to the product of the wingbeat frequency, the stroke amplitude, the wing length and the drag-to-lift ratio. For the case of power being mainly contributed by wing inertia (hoverfly, dronefly, honey bee and bumble bee), the specific power (without elastic storage) is proportional to the product of the cubic of wingbeat frequency, the square of the stroke amplitude, the square of the wing length and the ratio of wing mass to insect mass.  

Where is the rudder of a fish？： the mechanism of swimming and control of self-propelled fish school

Numerical simulation and control of self- propelled swimming of two- and three-dimensional biomimetic fish school in a viscous flow are investigated. With a parallel computational fluid dynamics package for the two- and three-dimensional moving boundary problem, which combines the adaptive multi-grid finite volume method and the methods of immersed boundary and volume of fluid, it is found that due to the interactions of vortices in the wakes, without proper control, a fish school swim with a given flap- ping rule can not keep the fixed shape of a queue. In order to understand the secret of fish swimming, a new feedback con- trol strategy of fish motion is proposed for the first time, i,e., the locomotion speed is adjusted by the flapping frequency of the caudal, and the direction of swimming is controlled by the swinging of the head of a fish. Results show that with this feedback control strategy, a fish school can keep the good order of a queue in cruising, turning or swimming around circles. This new control strategy, which separates the speed control and direction control, is important in the construction of biomimetic robot fish, with which it greatly simplifies the control devices of a biomimetic robot fish.  

铁路空调硬卧车内气流分布的数值模拟

建立了铁路空调硬卧车内CFD仿真模型,对车厢内流场、温度场和热舒适性评价指标进行了分析。采用稳态不可压缩雷诺时均N-S方程、k-ε湍流模型,应用控制容积法和交错网格进行离散。计算了空调硬卧车内三维空气流场和温度场,并与实验结果进行了对照,两者吻合较好。在此基础上分析了车厢内人体热舒适性,结果表明车厢中部和端部铺位PMV分布不同,端部人体热舒适感较好,中部较差;而且同一计算断面不同铺位的人体热舒适感差异较大:上铺有较大区域PMV<-1.0,人体感觉较凉;中铺大部分区域-0.51.0,人体感觉偏暖。  

载人列车车厢内空气流场温度场数值模拟

采用稳态不可压缩雷诺时均N-S方程、k-ε湍流模型,计算了载人列车车厢内三维空气流场和温度场。将太阳辐射热和人体散热作为能量方程的附加源项,研究了在条缝送风条件下,乘客和太阳辐射对车厢内流场和温度场的影响。计算结果表明:现有的送风方式除车厢两端外,车厢内沿长度方向气流分布比较均匀;送风口的布置对车厢内流场温度场分布影响较大,送风气流在车厢两侧形成两股比较大的流动旋涡;人体散热和太阳辐射对车厢内流场温度场影响较大,非空载时车厢内流场分布与空载时有较大差别,太阳照射和人体产生的热气流使车厢内存在较大的温度梯度,靠窗处的温度较高,过道处温度较低。流场温度场的计算结果和实验数据吻合较好。  

37mm冲压加速器试验和计算

气动中心超高速所自1995年正式开展冲压加速器研究以来，自行研制成功了国内第一座冲压加速器．给出冲压加速器这一新型超高速发射器的工作原理及国内外研究现状，然后介绍气动中心超高速所37mm冲压加速器系统组成、典型发射试验结果及有关的数值计算工作．  

喷管对脉冲爆轰发动机性能的影响

采用热力学循环分析方法,从理论上推导了脉冲爆轰发动机(pulse detonation engine,PDE)不完全膨胀条件下的热效率公式,并定量考察了不同燃烧室初始温度下热循环效率随出口压力比的变化,研究表明气体膨胀越完全,工质的热循环效率越高.应用数值模拟方法分别研究了收缩-扩张喷管和扩张喷管,比较了它们对PDE推力和比冲的影响,考察了它们在PDE各个循环阶段的作用.此外,还分析了收缩-扩张喷管收缩段引起的反射激波的影响,理论上反射激波会降低PDE热循环效率和比冲,但当反射激波马赫数小于1.5时,对PDE热循环效率的影响很小,其正面作用占优.  

Using the DEM-CFD method to predict Brownian particle deposition in a constricted tube

Modelling of the agglomeration and deposition on a constricted tube collector of colloidal size particles immersed in a liquid is investigated using the discrete element method （DEM）. The ability of this method to represent surface interactions allows the simulation of agglomeration and deposition at the particle scale. The numerical model adopts a mechanistic approach to represent the forces involved in colloidal suspensions by including near-wall drag retardation, surface interaction and Brownian forces. The model is implemented using the commercially available DEM package EDEM 2.3~, so that results can be repli- cated in a standard and user-friendly framework. The effects of various particle-to-collector size ratios, inlet fluid flow-rates and particle concentrations are examined and it is found that deposition efficiency is strongly dependent on the inter-relation of these parameters. Particle deposition and re-suspension mechanisms have been identified and analyzed thanks to EDEM＇s post processing capability. One-way coupling with computational fluid dynamics （CFD） is considered and results are compared with a two- way coupling between EDEM 2.3 and FLUENT 12.1. It is found that two-way coupling requires circa 500% more time than one-way coupling for similar results.  

大范围区域复杂地形风场数值模拟研究

在具复杂地形地貌区域架设桥梁,首要解决的问题是风环境参数的问题.本文针对某一具有复杂地形地貌的大范围区域(区域大小23km×27km)复杂地形的风环境进行了数值模拟研究.基于地理信息处理系统(GIS)中的数字地面模型所获得的高程数据,通过逆向工程软件IMAGEWARE及流体动力学建模软件Gambit完成了流体网格的建模工作,对其整体和局部的流场(内层区域的速度场、压力场,越山流动迹线及监控点处的风剖面等)进行了分析,同时对不同的网格划分方式也进行了分析比较.本文的工作也为今后同类大范围区域风场模拟提供了参考.除此之外,用逆向工程软件IMAGEWARE也为今后大尺度区域建模提供了一种新思路.  

CFD-DEM simulation of the pneumatic conveying of fine particles through a horizontal slit

Fine particles play a significant role in many industrial processes. To study the dynamic behavior of fine particle and their deposition in rock fractures, the pneumatic conveying of fine particles （approximately 100 μm in diameter） through a small-scale horizontal slit （0.41 m × 0.025 m） was studied, which is useful for the sealing technology of underground gas drainage in coal mining production. The CFD-DEM method was adopted to model the gas-particle two-phase flow; the gas phase was treated as a continuum and modeled using computational fluid dynamics （CFD）, particle motion and collisions were simulated using the DEM code.Then, the bulk movement of fine particles through a small-scale horizontal slit was explored numerically, and the flow patterns were further investigated by visual inspection. The simulation results indicated that stratified flow or dune flow can be observed at low gas velocities. For intermediate gas velocities, the flow patterns showed pulsation phenomena, and dune flow reappeared in the tail section. Moreover, periodic flow regimes with alternating thick and sparse stream structures were observed at a high gas velocity. The simulation results of the bulk movement of fine particles were in good agreement with the experimental findings, which were obtained by video-imaging experiments. Furthermore, the calculated pressure drop versus gas velocity profile was investigated and compared with relative experi- mental findings, and the results showed good agreement. Furthermore, the particle velocity vectors and voidage distribution were numerically simulated. Selected stimulation results are presented and provide a reference for the further study of fine particles.