岩石强度与应力途径

岩石的强度是岩石力学研究的一个基本问题。Jaeger在1967年曾指出:岩石破裂依赖于应力途径的可能性是一个尚需讨论的问题。Swanson和Brown研究了花岗岩、闪绿岩和大理岩在通常三轴加载和比例加载条件下的强度,没有发现岩石强度和加载方式的依赖关系。Crouch于1972年也得到了类似的结果。然而,Jaeger的问题并没有完全解决,因为仅仅对比了两种应力途径的十分有限的资料。对更广泛的岩石进行多种应力途径的实验是十分必要的。     

应力途径、岩石的强度和体积膨胀

在以下三种应力途径实验中,研究了济南辉长岩和房山花岗岩的强度和体积膨胀:A型——增加最大主应力σ₁使岩石破坏;B型—从某一应力状态开始,保持σ₁不变而减小围压,直至岩石破坏;C型——保持σ₁不变增加围压,这时岩石不发生破坏,结果表明,岩石强度与体积膨胀及应力途径有关,在一定条件下,B型实验岩石强度较A型为低,与A型实验中岩石的体积膨胀相比较,B型实验中岩石处于一种过密状态,而在C型实验中处于一种超膨胀状态。     

MICROSCOPIC MECHANISM OF STRENGTH REDUCTION OF ROCKS

Uniaxial compression tests have been conducted on Jinan gabbro at six different axial strain rates ranging from 10~(-8)/s to 10~(-3)/s. Results show that the strength decreases by about 23% with decreasing strain rate. The stress level C_0~' /or the onset of dilatancy is constant for six strain rates. When σ_1>C_o~' ε_1 and D increase with decreasing strain rate (?) under a specific stress level.Microscopic observations on the stressed rock samples reveal that the density of microcracks for the samples loaded at low strain rates is higher than that at high strain rates; in addition there are also cracks nearly perpendicular to it, which is responsible for the increase of D value.The creep test under the stress σ_(σ_1>C_0~') confirms that the growth of microcracks in the rock has been time-dependent effects, and the steady-state creep with (?)=constant developed until the rock fails.Summing up the above reslts shows that when σ>C_0~', the constitution law of the rockswill be time-dependent, and the     

岩石强度降低的微观机理

在单轴压缩下,济南辉长岩样品以六种恒变形速率(从10~(-3)/s—10~(-8)/s)压缩直至样品破坏。结果表明:岩石强度降低了23％。岩石体积的非线弹性膨胀的起始点C_0~’=常数。当δ_1>C_0~’时,同一应力下,ε_1和D是随变形速率的减小而增大。微观结果表明:变形速率小的样品其微破裂密度大于变形速率高的样品,除观察到平行于δ_1的裂纹外,还有与δ_1夹角近90°的裂纹,它是D值增大的因素。当蠕变实验的恒压取δ_1>C_0~’时,证实了岩石内微破裂的成长是随时间的发展而发展。且以稳态蠕变常数的速率发展直至破坏止。综合以上结果表明:当δ_1>C_0~’时,岩石的本构关系是与时间的发展有关。并得到C_0~’是岩石强度的极限。