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1.
为提高生鲜羊肉储存期内(4,8和20 ℃环境)挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)的近红外光谱(NIR)检测的稳定性和准确性,选取特征光谱和预测模型是关键步骤。以121个羊肉样品为实验对象,采集生鲜羊肉680~2 600 nm波段的近红外光谱。以多元散射校正(MSC)、标准正态变换(SNV)等散射校正方法,Savitzky-Golay卷积平滑(SGS)、移动平均平滑(MAS)等平滑处理方法,以及归一化(Normalization)、中心化(Centering)、标准化(Autoscaling)等尺度缩放方法分别预处理光谱数据后建立偏最小二乘法(PLS)预测模型。比较发现SGS处理的光谱建模效果最好。利用蒙特卡洛采样(MCS)法及马氏距离法(MD)消除了羊肉光谱的5个异常数据。运用光谱-理化值共生距离(SPXY)算法划分总样本的75%(87个)为校正集样本,剩余29个为验证集样本,利用竞争性自适应重加权法(CARS)、无信息变量消除法(UVE)、改进的无信息变量消除法(IUVE)和连续投影算法(SPA)提取特征光谱得到的波长个数分别为14,713,144和15。将全光谱和4种方法提取的特征波长作为输入变量建立预测模型,CARS提取的波长所建立模型的性能优于UVE、IUVE和SPA提取的波长所建立模型的性能,表明CARS方法可以有效简化输入变量并提高预测模型的性能。改进后得到的IUVE法相比于UVE法,筛选出的波长数更少且模型性能有所提升。以提取的特征波长建立PLS,支持向量机(SVM)和最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)预测模型,SVM模型得到最优的校正集预测结果,其中CARS-SVM预测模型的校正决定系数(R2C)和校正均方根误差(RMSEC)分别为0.939 1和1.426 7,最优的验证集预测效果为LS-SVM预测模型得到,其中IUVE-LS-SVM预测模型的验证决定系数(R2V)和验证均方根误差(RMSEV)分别为0.856 8和1.886 2。基于近红外特征光谱建立简化、优化的生鲜羊肉储存期TVB-N预测模型,为实现快速无损检测生鲜羊肉中的TVB-N浓度提供技术支持。  相似文献   
2.
Hair waste in large amount is produced in India from temples and saloons, India alone exported approximately 1 million kg of hair in 2010. Incineration and degradation of waste human hair leads to environmental concerns. The hydrothermal process is a conventional method for the production of hair hydrolysate. The hydrothermal process is carried out at a very high temperature and pressure, which causes the degradation of heat-sensitive essential amino acids, thereby depleting the nutritional value. This work deals with alkaline hydrolysis of human hair using acoustic and hydrodynamic cavitation, and comparison with the conventional method. The optimal operating conditions for highest efficiency was observed, for the hydrolysis of 1 g of sample hairs in 100 mL of solution, at 4:1 (KOH: hair) ratio, soaking time of 24 h, the ultrasonic power density of 600 W dm−3 (20 KHz frequency and input power 200 W) or hydrodynamic cavitation inlet pressure of 4 or 7 bars. Cavitation results in rupture of disulfide linkages in proteins and mechanical effects lead to cleavage of several hydrogen bonds breaking the keratin sheet structure in hair. Breakdown of bonds leads to a decrease in viscosity of the solution. 10% and 6% reduction in viscosity is obtained at optimal conditions for ultrasonic and hydrodynamic cavitation treatment, respectively. FTIR analysis of produced hair hydrolysate confirmed that the disulfide bonds in hair proteins are broken down during cavitation. The amino acid of hair hydrolysate, prepared using cavitation, has a relatively higher digestibility and nutritional value due to the enhancement of amino-acid content, confirmed using amino acid analysis. Cavitation assisted hair hydrolysate has a potential application in agricultural engineering as a fertilizer for improvement of the quality of the soil and land. Cavitation based hair hydrolysate can also be used as an environmentally friendly and economical source of essential amino acids and digestibles for animal or poultry feed.  相似文献   
3.
《Mendeleev Communications》2022,32(4):537-539
The two novel conglomerates were obtained by crystallization of racemic (2'S,3aS,6aR)/(2'R,3aR,6aS) (glycoluril-1-yl)-3-methylbutanoic acid and (2'R,3aR,6aR)/(2'S,3aS,6aS) (4,6-dimethylglycoluril-1-yl)pentanoic acid synthesized by highly diastereoselective condensation of 4,5-dihydroxy- imidazolidin-2-ones with racemic ureido acids. The differences in the molecular geometry of synthesized racemates were studied by X-ray diffraction that showed them to crystallize as conglomerates in non-centrosymmetric space groups Pna21 and P212121, respectively  相似文献   
4.
Protein hydrolysates have the potential to be natural and safer sources of bioactive peptides. In this study, two proteases were used to hydrolyze Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) protein, and the hydrolysates were then purified to yield antioxidant peptides. The degree of hydrolysis of 23.56 % and 18.14 % was obtained using papain and alcalase 2.4L, respectivly, and hydrolysates had 96.80 % and 87.24 % total amino acid content, respectivly. The papain hydrolysate (PH) and alcalase 2.4L hydrolysate (AH) showed good antioxidant activity against DPPH? (IC50 of 3.64 and 3.15 mg/mL) and ABTS?+ (IC50 of 1.92 and 1.58 mg/mL), respectively. The low-molecular-weight (<1000 Da) fraction of both hydrolysates demonstrated the highest antiradical activity (IC50 of 2.59 and 2.31 mg/mL, DPPH) and (IC50 of 1.54 and 1.36 mg/mL, ABTS), respectively. Nine peptides were separated from both hydrolysates using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The IC50 for ABTS?+ scavenging activity of peptide P5 with valine, glycine and asparagine (MW of 282.13 Da) from PH, and peptide P3 with histidine, glycine and alanine (MW of 302.74 Da) from AH was 0.89 and 0.72 mg/mL, respectively. The fractions and purified peptides obtained from Chinese sturgeon hydrolysates could be utilized as natural antioxidant substitutes in pharmaceuticals and food products.  相似文献   
5.
The isomerism of glucaric acids and the complexity of the composition of Leonurus japonicus Houtt. increased the difficulty of the separation of glucaric acids from the herb. In the present study, three glucaric acids were isolated from Leonurus japonicus Houtt. by using high-speed countercurrent chromatography combined with semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Cation exchange resin chromatography was applied to remove the alkaloids and enrich the glucaric acid fractions. Preliminary separation of the glucaric acid extract by high-speed countercurrent chromatography was carried out at 45℃ by using an optimized solvent system of ethyl acetate/n-butanol/formic acid/water (1:1:0.01:2, v/v/v/v) with satisfied stationary phase retention and separation factor. The semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography was used for further separation and purification of the target fractions, and three monomeric compounds were obtained with purities of 90.0, 91.0, and 95.3%. UV spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry were employed to identify their structures, which were assigned as 2-syringyl glucaric acid, 2,4-disyringyl glucaric acid, and 3,4-disyringyl glucaric acid, respectively, and 2,4-disyringyl glucaric acid was reported for the first time.  相似文献   
6.
房东旭  刘智焬  江治 《分子催化》2022,36(5):456-466
微波是一种能量传递方式。与传统电加热相比,微波加热具有加热速度快、热惯性小、选择性加热等特点,因而被视为一种优质的能量来源。微波催化是一种使用微波对反应系统供能,从而推动催化反应进行的化学过程。近年来,许多研究者致力于探索和发展微波催化技术,包括利用微波技术提升化学反应速率、开发具有出色微波吸收能力的催化剂、建立节能环保的微波催化系统等。本文首先介绍了微波的相关理论,讲述了材料对微波的吸收原理;然后从微波催化降解挥发性有机物(Volatile Organic Compounds, VOCs)、微波催化污水处理、微波催化生物质热解和微波催化碳氢化合物转化等方面综述了微波催化在能源环境中的应用;最后对微波催化过程的机理展开了讨论。  相似文献   
7.
Recently, chalcogen bonding has been investigated in more detail in organocatalysis and the scope of activated functionalities continues to increase. Herein, the activation of imines in a Povarov [4+2] cycloaddition reaction with bidentate cationic chalcogen bond donors is presented. Tellurium-based Lewis acids show superior properties compared to selenium-based catalysts and inactive sulfur-based analogues. The catalytic activity of the chalcogen bonding donors increases with weaker binding anions. Triflate, however, is not suitable due to its participation in the catalytic pathway. A solvent screening revealed a more efficient activation in less polar solvents and a pronounced effect of solvent (and catalyst) on endo : exo diastereomeric ratio. Finally, new chiral chalcogen bonding catalysts were applied but provided only racemic mixtures of the product.  相似文献   
8.
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods were required to afford the rapid separation and detection of purines and small organic acids. These compounds are found in sweat and sebum and are potential biomarkers for the early detection of pressures sores. Two ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry assays have been successfully developed for both classes of compounds. Separation for purines was achieved using a gradient of supercritical carbon dioxide and methanol with a 1-aminoanthracene sub 2 μm particle size column followed by positive ion electrospray ionization. Separation for organic acids was achieved using a gradient of supercritical carbon dioxide and methanol (50 mM ammonium acetate 2% water) with a Diol sub 2 μm particle size column followed by negative ion electrospray ionization. Calibration curves were created in the absence of internal standards and R2 values > 0.96 were achieved using single ion monitoring methods for the protonated purines and the deprotonated acids. The two new assays afford rapid analytical methods for the separation and detection of potential biomarkers in human sweat leading to the early detection and prevention of pressure sores.  相似文献   
9.
《Mendeleev Communications》2022,32(5):629-631
The Michael–Mannich cascade cyclization of cyano olefins, ethyl 4,4,4-trifluoro-3-oxobutanoate, aromatic aldehydes and ammonium acetate provides convenient stereoselective formation of ethyl 5,5-dicyano-4,6-diaryl-2-hydroxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)piperidine-3-carboxylates with fourstereogenic centers and dialkyl 4,6-diaryl-5-cyano-2-hydroxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)piperidine-3,5-dicarboxylates with five stereogenic centers. Ammonium acetate plays dual role, acting as a base and as a nitrogen source.  相似文献   
10.
郭琳洁  彭红珍  李江  王丽华  诸颖 《应用化学》2022,39(10):1475-1487
细胞表面受体与配体之间的特异性相互作用在细胞生物学过程中起着重要作用。然而,与均相溶液不同,受体分子在细胞膜上的分布是非连续的、动态的,因此细胞表面的受体配体相互作用通常呈现复杂的非线性结合模式。框架核酸作为一类具有确定几何形状的DNA纳米支架,可用于多价配体的偶联,为深入揭示受体配体相互作用机制提供了可靠的工具。利用框架核酸纳米分辨率的可寻址特性,可实现对配体数目、间距及空间构象等参数的精确调控,进而研究细胞表面受体配体的结合特性及影响因素,优化结合条件最终实现高效的分子识别及靶向治疗。本文综述了基于框架核酸的细胞表面受体配体相互作用研究进展,通过探讨细胞表面受体配体相互作用的重要影响因素及生物学应用,对该研究领域的发展前景和未来趋势予以展望。  相似文献   
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