Chromatographic determination of sulfasalazine and its active metabolites: greenness assessment and application to spiked human plasma

Green TLC-densitometric and RP-HPLC methods were developed and validated for the determination of the active prodrug sulfasalazine (SZ), its active metabolite mesalazine (MZ) and the major active metabolite of mesalazine, N-acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acid (AS). In the developed TLC-densitometric method, chromatographic separation was carried out on TLC silica gel plates 60 F₂₅₄ using a developing system consisting of ethyl acetate–methanol–ammonia solution 33% (8:2.5:0.3, by volume) and then scanning the separated bands at 215 nm using hydrochlorothiazide as an internal standard with linearity ranges of 0.4–3, 0.4–2.4 and 0.3–2 for SZ, MZ and AS, respectively. The developed RP-HPLC method depended on chromatographic separation using a C₁₈ column with a solvent mixture of methanol–aqueous acetic acid solution (pH 5) as a mobile phase with gradient elution mode and UV scanning at 243 nm using pyrazinamide as internal standard with linearity ranges of 5–50, 5–40, and 3–20 for SZ, MZ and AS, respectively. US Food and Drug Administration guidelines were followed during validation of the methods. The greenness of the developed methods was estimated using the greenness profile and the Eco-Scale approach. Both methods passed the four quadrants of the greenness profile and had Eco-Scale score ˃75, thus they were considered to be green according to these approaches.     

An overview of analytical methodologies for the determination of antibiotics in environmental waters

The widespread occurrence of antibiotics as contaminants in the aquatic environment has increased attention in the last years. The concern over the release of antibiotics into the environment is related primarily to the potential for the development of antimicrobial resistance among microorganisms. This article presents an overview of analytical methodologies for the determination of quinolone (Qs) and fluoroquinolone (FQs), macrolide (MLs), tetracycline (TCs), sulfonamide (SAs) antibiotics and trimethoprim (TMP) in different environmental waters. The analysis of these antibiotics has usually been carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and to a lesser extent by ultraviolet (UV) or fluorescence detection (FD). A very important step before LC analysis is sample preparation and extraction leading to elimination of interferences and prevention of matrix effect and preconcentration of target analytes.     

Spherical molecularly imprinted polymers (SMIPs) via a novel precipitation polymerization in the controlled delivery of sulfasalazine

Spherical molecularly imprinted polymers (SMIPs) have been prepared via a novel precipitation polymerization using sulfasalazine (prodrug used in the diseases of the colon) as template. The sulfasalazine was incorporated into SMIPs and into a spherical non-imprinted polymer (control), and then the release rate of the bioactive agent at different pH values was evaluated. Considerable differences in the release characteristics between imprinted and non-imprinted polymers have been observed. This opens the possibility of the development of drug release systems capable of modulating the release of a specific molecule. Photomicrography of spherical molecularly imprinted polymers (SMIPs).     

流动注射在线氧化荧光分析法测定柳氮磺吡啶

研究了硫酸介质中,高锰酸钾氧化柳氮磺吡啶（SASP）体系的荧光特性,结合流动注射进样技术,建立了流动注射在线氧化荧光分析测定SASP的新方法。SASP本身不发荧光,但在硫酸介质中与高锰酸钾反应后可产生1种有强荧光的产物（λex=301 nm,λem=366 nm）。在优化条件下,SASP的质量浓度在1.2×10-5~2.0×10-3 g/L范围内与相对荧光强度呈良好线性,相关系数为0.999 6。方法的检出限为3.0×10-6 g/L,对1.2×10-4 g/L的SASP标准溶液平行测定11次的相对标准偏差为0.6%。该法简单、快速、灵敏度高、选择性好,可用于药物制剂中SASP含量的直接分析。     

[Zn(sulfasalazine)2(pyridine)](英)

C om m ent Sulfasalazine is in a class of m edications called anti-inflam m atory drugs, which is used to treatbowel inflam m ation,diarrhea (stoolfrequency),rectalbleed- ing, and abdom inal pain in patients with ulcerative colitis. Although it was resear…     

Quantification and Metabolite Identification of Sulfasalazine in Mouse Brain and Plasma Using Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Sulfasalazine (SAS), an anti-inflammatory drug with potent cysteine/glutamate antiporter system xc-(SXC) inhibition has recently shown beneficial effects in brain-related diseases. Despite many reports related to central nervous system (CNS) effect of SAS, pharmacokinetics (PK) and metabolite identification studies in the brain for SAS were quite limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics and metabolite identification of SAS and their distributions in mouse brain. Using in vivo brain exposure studies (neuro PK), the PK parameters of SAS was calculated for plasma as well as brain following intravenous and oral administration at 10 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg in mouse, respectively. In addition, in vivo metabolite identification (MetID) studies of SAS in plasma and brain were also conducted. The concentration of SAS in brain was much lower than that in plasma and only 1.26% of SAS was detected in mouse brain when compared to the SAS concentration in plasma (brain to plasma ratio (%): 1.26). In the MetID study, sulfapyridine (SP), hydroxy-sulfapyridine (SP-OH), and N-acetyl sulfapyridine (Ac-SP) were identified in plasma, whereas only SP and Ac-SP were identified as significant metabolites in brain. As a conclusion, our results suggest that the metabolites of SAS such as SP and Ac-SP might be responsible for the pharmacological effect in brain, not the SAS itself.     

Recent advances in sample preparation techniques and methods of sulfonamides detection – A review

Sulfonamides (SAs) have been the most widely used antimicrobial drugs for more than 70 years, and their residues in foodstuffs and environmental samples pose serious health hazards. For this reason, sensitive and specific methods for the quantification of these compounds in numerous matrices have been developed. This review intends to provide an updated overview of the recent trends over the past five years in sample preparation techniques and methods for detecting SAs. Examples of the sample preparation techniques, including liquid–liquid and solid-phase extraction, dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and QuEChERS, are given. Different methods of detecting the SAs present in food and feed and in environmental, pharmaceutical and biological samples are discussed.     

Crystallographic report: Crystal structure of the first alkaline earth metal compound with the antibacterial drug sulfasalazine: [Sr(H‐Sulf)(H2O)6](H‐Sulf)·3H2O

The structure of [Sr(H‐Sulf)(H₂O)₆](H‐Sulf)·3H₂O features a seven‐coordinated distorted capped octahedral geometry around strontium(II) with Sr? O distances ranging from 2.445(5) to 2.606(5) Å. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

抗菌药物柳氮磺胺镉配聚物的合成和晶体结构

0 Introduction Crystal engineering of pharmaceutical solids rep- resents a fertile and emerging research filed[1]. The im- petus for discovery of diverse crystal forms of drugs stems from the critical need to balance stability, bioavailability and other performance characteristics as well as provides valuable intellectual property pro- tection. Sulfasalazine (synonyms salazopyridine and salazosulfapyridine, abbreviated as H-SSZ) is a conju- gate of 5-aminosalicylic acid and sulfapyridine pos…