An overview of analytical methodologies for the determination of antibiotics in environmental waters

The widespread occurrence of antibiotics as contaminants in the aquatic environment has increased attention in the last years. The concern over the release of antibiotics into the environment is related primarily to the potential for the development of antimicrobial resistance among microorganisms. This article presents an overview of analytical methodologies for the determination of quinolone (Qs) and fluoroquinolone (FQs), macrolide (MLs), tetracycline (TCs), sulfonamide (SAs) antibiotics and trimethoprim (TMP) in different environmental waters. The analysis of these antibiotics has usually been carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and to a lesser extent by ultraviolet (UV) or fluorescence detection (FD). A very important step before LC analysis is sample preparation and extraction leading to elimination of interferences and prevention of matrix effect and preconcentration of target analytes.     

超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联四极杆质谱法检测牛奶中22种喹诺酮类抗菌素

应用液相色谱-电喷雾串联四极杆质谱仪,检测牛奶中的喹诺酮类(QNs)抗菌素.样品经柠檬酸磷酸盐缓冲液(Mcllvaine)超声提取,采用固相萃取(SPE)方法净化提取液并对目标物质进行富集,用UPLC-MS/MS检测.实验通过空白基质溶液稀释标准,建立校正的标准曲线,可以降低基质对离子化的干扰.结果表明:吡哌酸、依诺沙星、西诺沙星、奥索利酸在3～300 μg/kg,帕珠沙星在5～500 μg/kg,氧氟沙星、加替沙星、司帕沙星在0 5～50 μg/kg,其余14种喹诺酮类化合物在1～100 μg/kg的线性范围内均具有良好的线性关系,相关系数在0 9851～0 9997之间,定量限(LOQ)为0 008～0 339 μg/kg.除了氟甲喹、萘啶酸、那氟沙星的回收率小于60%外,其它喹诺酮的回收率均在63.1%～94.6%之间,相对标准偏差为0 86%～13.12%.     

四氯合钯(II)喹诺酮配合物的合成及与DNA的作用和抗增殖活性

在酸性条件下, 分别合成了四氯合钯(II)离子与2种喹诺酮(诺氟沙星, NFLX＝C16H18N3O3F; 环丙沙星, CPLX＝C17H18N3O3F)离子形成的配合物(NFLXH)2[PdCl4]•2H2O (1)和(CPLXH)2[PdCl4]•2H2O (2). 用元素分析、IR、UV以及摩尔电导测定等方法对其进行了表征. 配合物1的晶体结构经X射线单晶衍射确定, 结构参数: 三斜晶系, P-1空间群, a＝0.84561(17) nm, b＝0.94191(19) nm, c＝1.2832(3) nm; α＝111.26(3)°, β＝97.23(3)°, g＝96.38(3)°, V＝0.9312(4) nm3, Z＝1, 最后吻合因子R＝0.040, wR＝0.088. 利用紫外光谱法、荧光光谱法对配合物与小牛胸腺DNA (ct-DNA)的作用进行了研究, 研究表明, 配合物对DNA的作用模式为插入作用, 与DNA的结合常数Kb分别为: Kb(1)＝2.06×104, Kb(2)＝2.43×104. 其后测试了配合物对体外肿瘤细胞的抗增殖活性. 经采用四甲基偶氮唑蓝分析法(MTT法)测试后发现配合物1和2对人肺腺癌A549细胞、人原髓细胞白血病HL-60细胞的增殖抑制作用显著强于相应的喹诺酮分子本身, 其中配合物2对人肺腺癌A549细胞增殖有明显的抑制作用, 抑制率可高达(95.4±3.7)%, 半数抑制浓度(IC50, 72 h)为(124.5±10.3) μmol•L－1.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蜂蜜中残留的19种喹诺酮类药物

建立了高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱联用测定蜂蜜中恩诺沙星、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、双氟沙星、恶喹酸、氟甲喹、沙拉沙星、司帕沙星、丹诺沙星、氟罗沙星、马波沙星、伊诺沙星、奥比沙星、吡哌酸、培氟沙星、洛美沙星、西诺沙星和萘啶酸等19种喹诺酮类药物残留的方法。比较酸性溶液阳离子固相萃取(PCX柱)、近中性缓冲溶液反相固相萃取（HLB柱）和碱性溶液阴离子固相萃取(PAX柱)3种不同提取净化方法的提取效果,最终选择使用碱性溶液溶解蜂蜜样品,强阴离子固相萃取柱一步富集净化。以甲醇和0.1%甲酸溶液作为流动相,C18作为分析色谱柱,采用梯度洗脱方式进行液相色谱分离,选择离子反应监测模式检测19种喹诺酮类药物,内标方法定量。在1～100 μg/L范围内,19种喹诺酮类药物的线性相关系数均大于0.991。通过实际样品的添加回收试验,方法的定量限（S/N=10）为1.0 μg/kg,3个添加水平的回收率为71%～118%,相对标准偏差为4.2%～6.7%。     

Novel Lanthanide Complexes of Ciprofloxacin: Synthesis,Characterization, Crystal Structure and in vitro Antibacterial Activity Studies

Novel lanthanide coordination compounds with ciprofloxacin (CPFX), including eleven complexes Ln(CPFX)₂Cl(H₂O), (Ln=Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb; n = 7, 8, 9) and crystalline [Ce(CPFX)₂ (H₂O)₄] Cl (H₂O)_3.25 (C₂H₅‐OH)_0.25, were synthesized. The crystal is of triclinic space group Pi with a= 1.3865(2) nm, b = 1.3899(3) nm, c = 1.6505(2) nm, a = 92.73(1)°, β= 114.39(1)°, γ=115.55 (1)°, Z = 2 and R = 0.0449. FT‐IR, electronic spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction were employed to show that the lanthanide ion, which displays an eight‐coordinate structure, is chelated by 3‐carboxyl and 4‐keto oxygen donors of CPFX and two six‐membered chelate rings are formed. Test of in vitro antibacterial activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus indicated that the in vitro antibacterial activity of the ligand can be improved by complexation with Ce(III).     

Convenient Preparation of α-Tert-Butyl N-Blocked Glutamates Through γ-Allyl Ester Protection

Utilisation of γ-allyl ester protection of glutamates provides a convenient route to the synthesis of Z-Glu-OBu^t, Tr-Glu-OBu^t and (Boc)2-Glu-OBu^t.     

Synthesis of polycyclic fused 2-quinolones in aqueous micellar system

A high yielding green protocol has been developed for the synthesis of tri-, tetra-, and pentacyclic fused 2-quinolones in micellar medium. The method is more effective compared to phase-transfer catalytic (PTC) method in terms of the yield of the product as well as the reaction time. It is operationally simple as well as environmentally benign.     

Novel Syntheses and Reactions of Polynuclear Heterocyclic Derivatives Derived From Thioxopyridopyrimidine,With a New Ring System

Pyridopyrimidine derivatives 2 reacted with hydrazonoylchloride derivatives and yielded triazolopyridopyrimidines 6a–f. Compound 4b reacted with aliphatic acids and afforded triazolo-pyridopyrimidines 7a,b, and the reaction with carbon disulfide afforded 10-mercapto-triazolopyridopyrimidine (10). Moreover, the reaction of 4b with β -ketoesters afforded 10-pyrazolyl-pyridopyrimidines derivatives 11, 13, 14, and 15. Compound 4b reacted with nitrous acid to give tetrazolopyridopyrimidine 16, which reduced to 10-amino-derivative 17. On the other hand, the reaction of 4b with aromatic aldehydes afforded arylidines derivatives 18a–c, which were later cyclized to triazolo-pyridopyrimidines deivatives 19a–c. Finally, 4b reacted with α-haloketones to give triazines derivativrs 20, with new ring systems.     

固相萃取-液质联用法同时测定水中的喹诺酮类和磺胺类抗生素

建立了固相萃取-超高效液相色谱三重四级杆质谱联用法同时测定水中痕量的5种喹诺酮类和6种磺胺类抗生素残留的方法,水样经过固相萃取富集后由液相色谱分离、三重四级杆质谱检测。该方法在8 min内完成对11种目标化合物的分析。喹诺酮类抗生素线性范围为0.5～50μg/L,磺胺类抗生素线性范围为1～100μg/L,相关系数均大于0.995,6次空白加标重复测定的相对标准偏差(n=6)为喹诺酮类抗生素5.3%～9.0%,磺胺类抗生素4.7%～10.2%。11种目标化合物的方法检出限在0.04～0.22 ng/L之间,实际样品的加标回收率为62.1%～137%。该方法操作简便,重现性好,可用于地表水中抗生素的检测。