首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
文章检索
  按 检索   检索词:      
出版年份:   被引次数:   他引次数: 提示:输入*表示无穷大
  收费全文   1676篇
  免费   309篇
  国内免费   455篇
化学   2359篇
晶体学   2篇
力学   4篇
综合类   7篇
物理学   68篇
  2024年   2篇
  2023年   30篇
  2022年   39篇
  2021年   124篇
  2020年   153篇
  2019年   121篇
  2018年   87篇
  2017年   77篇
  2016年   92篇
  2015年   100篇
  2014年   129篇
  2013年   187篇
  2012年   95篇
  2011年   100篇
  2010年   84篇
  2009年   95篇
  2008年   77篇
  2007年   78篇
  2006年   76篇
  2005年   65篇
  2004年   62篇
  2003年   87篇
  2002年   72篇
  2001年   50篇
  2000年   50篇
  1999年   46篇
  1998年   42篇
  1997年   41篇
  1996年   33篇
  1995年   48篇
  1994年   28篇
  1993年   26篇
  1992年   13篇
  1991年   10篇
  1990年   12篇
  1989年   3篇
  1988年   2篇
  1987年   1篇
  1985年   1篇
  1984年   2篇
排序方式: 共有2440条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
本文采用高压均质结合对辊挤压工艺对天然凹凸棒石进行棒晶解离得到了纯度较高和比表面积较大(133.7 m2/g)的纳米解离凹凸棒石. 进一步通过机械共混法分别将天然凹凸棒石和纳米解离凹凸棒石与硅橡胶生胶复合制备了天然凹凸棒石-硅橡胶和纳米解离凹凸棒石-硅橡胶材料,研究了天然凹凸棒石和纳米解离凹凸棒石对凹凸棒石/硅橡胶复合材料热氧化降解和老化性能的影响. 结果表明,天然凹凸棒石-硅橡胶和纳米解离凹凸棒石-硅橡胶在300 oC热氧老化处理0.5 h后,相比于纯硅橡胶,初始5%失重温度从385 oC提高至396∽399 oC. 系列表征结果表明,天然凹凸棒石和纳米解离凹凸棒石增强了纳米粒子与硅橡胶之间的相互作用从而抑制了纳米颗粒聚集,并且可显著提高硅橡胶侧链Si-CH3的保存率,从而提高了该复合材料的热氧化降解和老化性能. 此外,纳米解离凹凸棒石可大大抑制纳米粒子的长大;因此老化后,纳米解离凹凸棒石-硅橡胶表现出了比硅橡胶(10.6%、7.4%和5.0%)更高的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率和撕裂强度保留率(40.6%、34.9% 和30.1%).  相似文献   
2.
Dehydrogenation of an organic compound is the first and the most fundamental elementary reaction in many organic reactions. In ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) to form CO2, there are a total of 46 pathways in C2HxO (x=1–6) species leading to the removal of all six hydrogen atoms in five C−H bonds and one O−H bond. To investigate the degree of dehydrogenation in EOR under operando conditions, we performed density function theory (DFT) calculations to study 28 dehydrogenation steps of C2HxO on Ir(100). An activation energy surface was then constructed and compared with that of the C−C bond cleavages to understand the importance of the degree of dehydrogenation in EOR. The results show that there are likely 28 dehydrogenations in EOR under fuel cell temperatures and the last two hydrogens in C2H2O are less likely cleaved. On the other hand, deep dehydrogenation including 45 dehydrogenations can occur under ethanol steam reforming conditions.  相似文献   
3.
生物乙醇作为平台分子通过催化转化的方法可以制备烯烃、乙醛、丁醇和芳香化学品等,其中乙醛是生产乙酸、季戊四醇、三氯乙醛、山梨酸等重要化学品的原料.随着乙醛的需求量逐年增加,发展以乙醇直接脱氢生成乙醛的工艺,具有联产氢气、原子经济性高、产物易分离的优点,符合国际绿色低碳发展战略要求,有望替代当前乙烯氧化法生产工艺.乙醇分子比较活泼,催化过程中通常伴随着脱水、羟醛缩合等副反应,导致乙醛的选择性降低.根据文献报道,Cu基催化剂可解离吸附乙醇,选择性断裂C-H键,是有效的乙醇直接脱氢催化剂.常规氧化物负载的铜基催化剂往往存在乙醛选择性低、Cu物种易团聚失活等问题.本文通过球磨方法处理商业六方氮化硼(h-BN),从而得到表面缺陷,使其边缘暴露一定的-OH和-NH2等极性官能团,进而增强金属与载体的相互作用,抑制Cu物种的团聚,提高Cu基催化剂在乙醇脱氢反应中的稳定性.考察了不同负载量下Cu物种的分散情况,发现当负载量高达5%(5Cu/BNS)时,Cu物种仍然能够保持高分散.5Cu/BNS催化剂在280°C,WHSV=9.6 h-1反应条件下,催化生成乙醛选择性达到98%,乙醇转化率为82%,且反应50 h后活性保持不变,Cu物种在BNS载体上仍保持高度分散.结合红外光谱和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征,证实BNS表面存在B-OH官能团,增强了Cu物种与载体的相互作用,提高了Cu催化剂在乙醇脱氢反应中的稳定性.通过原位红外实验对反应物在载体上的吸附行为研究,进一步理解5Cu/BNS表现出优异的乙醛选择性的原因.结果表明,乙醛在BNS载体上不发生吸附.从结构化学的角度来说,BNS富π电子,与乙醇的羟基相互作用但是与乙醛的富电子的C=O官能团相互排斥,促进产物乙醛脱附,因此表现出优异的选择性.该方法为设计一种高分散Cu基催化剂提供了新策略,相比于文献报道的催化体系,该催化剂在乙醇脱氢方面表现出更好的催化性能.  相似文献   
4.
Obesity is currently a public health problem worldwide. Recently, non-reducing carbohydrates, that include β(2→1) and β(2→6) linkages in their structure, have been of particular interest in the field of obesity because they are involved in lipid metabolism. Some of these are agave fructans (AF) and oligofructose (OF). In this study, we evaluated both AF and OF on oxidative stress (OS) markers in the brain of overweight mice (OM). AF and OF decreased TBARS levels and carbonyls at different levels in hippocampus (HP), frontal cortex (FC) and cerebellum (CB) of OM. The results indicated that fructans may have anti-oxidative potential and can be used as an alternative treatment for the prevention of the consequences of this pathology.  相似文献   
5.
以尿素和钨酸铵为原料采用浸渍法制备了金属氧化物三氧化钨(WO3)与石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)异质结复合材料WO3/g-C3N4。采用XRD、UV-vis、SEM、PL和XPS表征手段考察了催化剂的理化性质,发现WO3与g-C3N4存在较好的相互作用和电子转移,保证了WO3/g-C3N4本身所具有较高的氧化脱硫活性。以WO3/g-C3N4作为催化剂,过氧化氢异丙苯为氧化剂,考察其光催化氧化脱硫性能,在反应温度80℃,O/S物质的量比为3.0的反应条件下,反应180 min,二苯并噻吩(DBT)转化率可以达到72.79%。通过游离基捕获实验,发现超氧自由基(·O2-)、电子(e-)、羟基自由基(·OH)起到了促进反应速率的作用,并对该体系的反应机理进行了探讨。  相似文献   
6.
Controlling the reactivity of transition metals using secondary, σ‐accepting ligands is an active area of investigation that is impacting molecular catalysis. Herein we describe the phosphine gold complexes [(o‐Ph2P(C6H4)Acr)AuCl]+ ([ 3 ]+; Acr=9‐N‐methylacridinium) and [(o‐Ph2P(C6H4)Xan)AuCl]+ ([ 4 ]+; Xan=9‐xanthylium) where the electrophilic carbenium moiety is juxtaposed with the metal atom. While only weak interactions occur between the gold atom and the carbenium moiety of these complexes, the more Lewis acidic complex [ 4 ]+ readily reacts with chloride to afford a trivalent phosphine gold dichloride derivative ( 7 ) in which the metal atom is covalently bound to the former carbocationic center. This anion‐induced AuI/AuIII oxidation is accompanied by a conversion of the Lewis acidic carbocationic center in [ 4 ]+ into an X‐type ligand in 7 . We conclude that the carbenium moiety of this complex acts as a latent Z‐type ligand poised to increase the Lewis acidity of the gold center, a notion supported by the carbophilic reactivity of these complexes.  相似文献   
7.
Experimental and computational studies provide detailed insight into the selectivity‐ and reactivity‐controlling factors in bifurcated ruthenium‐catalyzed direct C?H arylations and dehydrogenative C?H/C?H functionalizations. Thorough investigations revealed the importance of arene‐ligand‐free complexes for the formation of biscyclometalated intermediates within a ruthenium(II/IV/II) mechanistic manifold.  相似文献   
8.
Co3O4/γ-Al2O3 catalysts with variable Co3O4 loadings (5–20 wt%) and deposition of 15% Co3O4 on La2O3/γ-Al2O3 were prepared by wet impregnation method. La2O3-γ-Al2O3 support with variable composition of La2O3 (2–6 wt%) were prepared by co-precipitation method. All the catalysts were tested for oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene with CO2 as soft oxidant. Among the Co3O4/γ-Al2O3 catalysts, 15% Co3O4/γ-Al2O3 has shown good performance and hence this catalyst has been chosen to investigate the effect of La2O3 species. CO2 pulse chemisorption data indicate more amount of CO2 uptake over 15% Co3O4/4%La2O3/γ-Al2O3 catalyst which clearly indicates that this catalyst exhibits good performance in ethylbenzene dehydrogenation with CO2 as soft oxidant because of reverse water gas shift reaction. Temperature programmed reduction studies indicate that the Co3O4 catalysts follow two step reduction mechanism from Co3O4 to CoO and then to Co and La2O3 promotional effect is visible through facile reduction of Co3O4 species. La2O3 doping has a vital influence in getting enhanced ethylbenzene conversion, styrene yield and alleviates catalyst deactivation compared to that of unpromoted Co3O4/γ-Al2O3 catalyst. TGA studies indicate the presence low amount coke deposition during time-on-stream over 15% Co3O4/4%La2O3/γ-Al2O3 catalyst compared to 15% Co3O4/γ-Al2O3 catalyst.  相似文献   
9.
The first asymmetric PdII‐catalyzed aminofluorination of unactivated alkenes using chiral quinoline‐oxazolines (Quox) as ligands has been developed. This reaction provides easy access to a wide array of enantiomerically enriched β‐fluoropiperidines in good yields and with excellent enantioselectivity. Notably, Et4NF?3 HF as a readily accessible nucleophilic fluoride source was found to play an essential role in the enantioselective control, and CsOCF3 also acts a key additive to improve the excellent ee value of products.  相似文献   
10.
Guanine radicals are important reactive intermediates in DNA damage. Hydroxyl radical (HO.) has long been believed to react with 2′-deoxyguanosine (dG) generating 2′-deoxyguanosin-N1-yl radical (dG(N1-H).) via addition to the nucleobase π-system and subsequent dehydration. This basic tenet was challenged by an alternative mechanism, in which the major reaction of HO. with dG was proposed to involve hydrogen atom abstraction from the N2-amine. The 2′-deoxyguanosin-N2-yl radical (dG(N2-H).) formed was proposed to rapidly tautomerize to dG(N1-H).. We report the first independent generation of dG(N2-H). in high yield via photolysis of 1 . dG(N2-H). is directly observed upon nanosecond laser flash photolysis (LFP) of 1 . The absorption spectrum of dG(N2-H). is corroborated by DFT studies, and anti- and syn-dG(N2-H). are resolved for the first time. The LFP experiments showed no evidence for tautomerization of dG(N2-H). to dG(N1-H). within hundreds of microseconds. This observation suggests that the generation of dG(N1-H). via dG(N2-H). following hydrogen atom abstraction from dG is unlikely to be a major pathway when HO. reacts with dG.  相似文献   
设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号