红外光谱的陆生动物油脂中反刍动物成分鉴别分析

为有效应对违法掺加导致的饲料安全隐患，完善饲用油脂的高效检测手段，满足饲料质量安全的监管需求，以来源可靠的不同种属动物油脂为研究对象，通过在非反刍动物油脂中掺加不同比例（1%，5%，10%，20%，30%和40% W/W）的反刍动物油脂获得试验样品，首次系统应用傅里叶变换红外光谱结合化学计量学方法探讨了陆生动物油脂中掺加反刍成分的鉴别分析方法与模型。研究表明基于掺加比例1%～40%样品集，偏最小二乘判别分析模型正确判别率为100%，无假阳性和假阴性样品；进一步研究发现，基于陆生动物油脂中反刍成分低掺加比例0.1%～40%，0.2%～40%，0.4%～40%，0.6%～40%和0.8%～40%样品集，偏最小二乘判别分析模型的正确判别率均低于100%。且随着最低掺加比例的降低，假阳性与假阴性样品数明显增多，其正确判别率逐步降低。因此，陆生动物油脂中掺加反刍成分判别分析检量限约为1%；进一步通过脂肪酸组成与差异性分析、红外光谱特征波段和特征化学键对比分析探讨其判别分析机理。非反刍动物油脂光谱3 006 cm-1处吸收峰（代表=C-H(cis-)的拉伸振动）和914 cm-1处吸收峰（代表=HC=CH-(cis-)的弯曲振动）明显高于反刍动物油脂样品，主要表征了顺式脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸的显著差异。非反刍动物油脂光谱965 cm-1处吸收峰（代表-HC=CH-(trans-)的弯曲振动）明显低于反刍动物油脂样品，主要表征了反式脂肪酸和饱和脂肪酸的显著差异。掺加比例为1%的混合样品中反式C=C键含量显著高于其他低掺加比例的样品，而不同掺加比例样品的顺式C=C键含量和C-H(-CH₂-)键含量均无显著性差异。因此，基于红外光谱的陆生动物油脂中反刍动物成分鉴别分析主要是基于反式C=C键结构的信息表征。综上所述，红外光谱可作为一种兼顾检测效率与检测精度的技术应用于陆生动物油脂中反刍成分的鉴别分析。     

Phytochemical profile and biological activities of Deverra tortuosa (Desf.)DC.: a desert aromatic shrub widespread in Northern Region of Saudi Arabia

The present study describes the chemical composition of the essential oil of different plant parts of Devrra tortuosa; in vivo and in vitro biological activities of plant extract and essential oils. Apiol was found to be the major component of the oil (between 65.73% and 74.41%). The best antioxidant activities were observed for the oil of flowers (IC50 = 175 μg/ml). The samples of stems and roots exhibit lower antioxidant activity (IC50 = 201 μg/ml and 182 μg/ml, respectively). The values of IC50 showed that the extracts of methanol exhibit the highest antioxidants activities (IC50 = 64.8 102 μg/ml). EOs showed excellent antifungal activity against yeasts with low azole susceptibilities (i.e. Malassezia spp. and Candida krusei). The MIC values of oils varied between 2.85 mg/mL and 27 mg/mL. The obtained results also showed that the plant extracts inhibited the germination and the shoot and root growth of Triticum æstivum seedlings.     

Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activities of the essential oils from Acacia mearnsii de Wild

The volatile oils of the leaves and the stem bark of Acacia mearnsii de Wild obtained by hydro-distillation were analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. A total of 20, 38, 29 and 38 components accounted for 93.8%, 92.1%, 78.5% and 90.9% of the total oils of the fresh, dry leaves and fresh, dry stem bark, respectively. The major components of the oil were octadecyl alcohol (25.5%) and phytol (10.5%); cis-verbenol (29.5%); phytol (10.1%) and phytol (23.4%) for the fresh leaves, dried leaves, fresh stem, dry stem bark, respectively. Oral administration of essential oils at a dose of 2% showed significant (p < 0.05) anti-inflammatory properties in the albumin-induced test model in rats. Oils from the fresh leaves and dry stems inhibited inflammation beyond 4 h post treatment. The potent anti-inflammatory activity of essential oils of A. mearnsii hereby confirmed its traditional use in treating various inflammatory diseases.     

Preparation and characterization of fragrance by extracting the essential oils from different raw materials

The extraction is a simple process and it is widely used to extract the fragrances in fragrance industries from essential oils. There are number of compounds (i.e. flowers, oils, leaves etc.) from which we can prepare the fragrance by extracting the essential oils from them. In this work, we have prepared the fragrance from the essential oils by the liquid-liquid extraction process, where the essential oil presented as the concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds. We used the combination of Gas chromatography and Mass spectrometry (GC/MS) characterization techniques to make our product more useful, convenient and compitative with the other fragrance available in the market. This study would be helpful to understand the preparation of the fragrance from the concentrated hydrophobic liquid type essential oils which contains volatile aroma compounds by using a significant liquid-liquid extraction process.     

Isolation of Volatile Compounds with Repellent Properties against Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Using CPC Technology

The present work describes the use of Centrifugal Partition Chromatography (CPC) for the bio-guided isolation of repellent active volatile compounds from essential oils. Five essential oils (EOs) obtained from three Pinus and two Juniperus species were initially analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and evaluated for their repellent properties against Aedes albopictus. The essential oil from needles of P. pinea (PPI) presented the higher activity, showing 82.4% repellency at a dose of 0.2 μL/cm². The above EO, together with the EO from the fruits of J. oxycedrus subsp. deltoides (JOX), were further analyzed by CPC using the biphasic system n-Heptane/ACN/BuOH in ratio 1.6/1.6/0.2 (v/v/v). The analysis of PPI essential oil resulted in the recovery of (−)-limonene, guaiol and simple mixtures of (−)-limonene/β-pheladrene, while the fractionation of JOX EO led to the recovery of β-myrcene, germacrene-D, and mixtures of α-pinene/β-pinene (ratio 70/30) and α-pinene/germacrene D (ratio 65/45). All isolated compounds and recovered mixtures were tested for their repellent activity. From them, (−)-limonene, guaiol, germacrene-D as well the mixtures of (−)-limonene/β-pheladrene presented significant repellent activity (>97% repellency) against Ae. albopictus. The present methodology could be a valuable tool in the effort to develop potent mosquito repellents which are environmentally friendly.     

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils from Eugenia patrisii Vahl,E. punicifolia (Kunth) DC., and Myrcia tomentosa (Aubl.) DC., Leaf of Family Myrtaceae

Essential oils (EOs) were extracted from Eugenia patrisii, E. punicifolia, and Myrcia tomentosa, specimens A and B, using hydrodistillation. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to identify the volatile constituents present, and the antioxidant capacity of EOs was determined using diphenylpicryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assays. For E. patrisii, germacrene D (20.03%), bicyclogermacrene (11.82%), and (E)-caryophyllene (11.04%) were identified as the major constituents of the EOs extracted from specimen A, whereas specimen B primarily comprised γ-elemene (25.89%), germacrene B (8.11%), and (E)-caryophyllene (10.76%). The EOs of E. punicifolia specimen A contained β-Elemene (25.12%), (E)-caryophyllene (13.11%), and bicyclogermacrene (9.88%), while specimen B was composed of (E)-caryophyllene (11.47%), bicyclogermacrene (5.86%), β-pinene (5.86%), and γ-muurolene (5.55%). The specimen A of M. tomentosa was characterized by γ-elemene (12.52%), germacrene D (11.45%), and (E)-caryophyllene (10.22%), while specimen B contained spathulenol (40.70%), α-zingiberene (9.58%), and γ-elemene (6.89%). Additionally, the chemical composition of the EOs was qualitatively and quantitatively affected by the collection period. Furthermore, the EOs of the studied specimens, especially specimen A of E. punicifolia, showed a greater antioxidant activity in DPPH rather than TEAC, as represented by a significantly high inhibition percentage (408.0%).     

Antibacterial and antifungal LDPE films for active packaging

Active antimicrobial packaging is a promising form of active packaging that can kill or inhibit microorganism growth in order to maintain product quality and safety. One of the most common approaches is based on the release of volatile antimicrobial agents from the packaging material such as essential oils. Due to their highly volatile nature, the challenge is to preserve the essential oils during the high‐temperature melt processing of the polymer, while maintaining high antimicrobial activity for a desired shelf life. This study suggests a new approach in order to achieve this goal. Antimicrobial active films are developed based on low‐density polyethylene (LDPE), organo‐modified montmorillonite clays (MMT) and carvacrol (used as an essential oil model). In order to minimize carvacrol loss throughout the polymer compounding, a pre‐compounding step is developed in which clay/carvacrol hybrids are produced. The hybrids exhibit a significant increase in the d‐spacing of clay and enhanced thermal stability. The resulting LDPE/(clay/carvacrol) films exhibit superior and prolonged antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua, while polymer compounded with pure carvacrol loses the antibacterial properties within days. The films also present an excellent antifungal activity against Alternaria alternata, used as a model plant pathogenic fungus. Furthermore, infrared spectroscopy analysis of the LDPE/(clay/carvacrol) system displayed significantly higher carvacrol content in the film as well as a slower out‐diffusion of the carvacrol molecules in comparison to LDPE/carvacrol films. Thus, these new films have a high potential for antimicrobial food packaging applications due to their long‐lasting and broad‐spectrum antimicrobial efficacy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

国产润滑油的压粘系数和固化压力

润滑油的压粘系数和固化压力是弹流理论应用于摩擦学工程设计的关键试验数据。本文报道了20种国产润滑油的压粘系数和其中16种润滑油的最小固化压力的测定结果,并对不同油田的基础润滑油、不同化学结构的合成润滑油和不同用途的工业润滑油的压粘系数和固化压力进行了分析比较。     

Oscillatory measurements of silicone oils —Loss and storage modulus master curves

The work describes a way to obtain loss modulus and storage modulus master curves from oscillatory measurements of silicone oils.The loss modulus master curve represents the dependence of the viscous flow behavior on · ₀ ^* and the storage modulus master curve — the dependence of the elastic flow behavior on · ₀ ^* .The relation between the values of the loss modulus and storage modulus master curves (at a certain frequency) is a measurement of the viscoelastic behavior of a system. The G/G-ratio depends on · ₀ ^* which leads to a viscoelastic master curve. The viscoelastic master curve represents the relation between the elastic and viscous oscillatory flow behavior.     

合成润滑油的研究现状及发展趋势

润滑油作为机械运行不可缺少的材料,对维持机构的运行及提高机械寿命起到非常关键的作用.随着现代工业的不断进步,对机构运行寿命的要求越来越高,同时运行环境也越来越苛刻,这些均要求所采用的润滑油具有更为优异的综合性能.前期所采用的矿物基润滑油在耐温性、润滑性、抗氧化性、黏温性能等方面已经很难满足使用要求,因此需要采用合成润滑油.由于合成油采用人工合成的方式,其综合性能远高于普通矿物油,但目前合成油种类较多,不同种类的润滑油具有不同的性能及使用要求,因此本文介绍了常见的几种合成润滑油的国内外现状,并对合成润滑油的未来发展趋势进行了讨论和展望.