Synthesis of Thio Analogues of Quinolone Antibacterials

A facile and rapid synthesis of thio compounds, analogues to ciprofloxacin, and norfloxacin is described.     

Development and validation of a fast isocratic liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous determination of norfloxacin,lomefloxacin and ciprofloxacin in human plasma

A simple and fast liquid chromatographic method coupled with fluorescence detection (LC‐FD) is reported, for the first time, for the simultaneous quantification of norfloxacin (NOR), ciprofloxacin (CIP) and lomefloxacin (LOM) in human plasma, using levofloxacin as internal standard (IS). Sample preparation consists of a single‐step precipitation of plasma proteins followed by vortex‐mixing and centrifugation. Chromatographic separation was achieved within 7 min on a reversed‐phase C₁₈ column with a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% aqueous formic acid (pH = 3.0, triethylamine)–methanol (82:18, v/v) pumped isocratically at 1.2 mL/min. The detector was set at excitation/emission wavelengths of 278/450 nm. Calibration curves were linear (r² ≥ 0.994) in the range of 0.02–5.0 µg/mL, and the limit of quantification was established at 0.02 µg/mL for all analytes (NOR, CIP and LOM). The overall precision did not exceed 8.19% and accuracy was within ±10.91%. NOR, CIP and LOM were extracted from human plasma with an overall mean recovery ranged from 90.1 to 111.5%. No interferences were observed at the retention times of the analytes and IS. This novel LC‐FD method enables the reliable determination of NOR, CIP and LOM in a single chromatographic run, which may be suitable to support human pharmacokinetic‐based studies with those antimicrobial agents. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An overview of analytical methodologies for the determination of antibiotics in environmental waters

The widespread occurrence of antibiotics as contaminants in the aquatic environment has increased attention in the last years. The concern over the release of antibiotics into the environment is related primarily to the potential for the development of antimicrobial resistance among microorganisms. This article presents an overview of analytical methodologies for the determination of quinolone (Qs) and fluoroquinolone (FQs), macrolide (MLs), tetracycline (TCs), sulfonamide (SAs) antibiotics and trimethoprim (TMP) in different environmental waters. The analysis of these antibiotics has usually been carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and to a lesser extent by ultraviolet (UV) or fluorescence detection (FD). A very important step before LC analysis is sample preparation and extraction leading to elimination of interferences and prevention of matrix effect and preconcentration of target analytes.     

四氯合钯(II)喹诺酮配合物的合成及与DNA的作用和抗增殖活性

在酸性条件下, 分别合成了四氯合钯(II)离子与2种喹诺酮(诺氟沙星, NFLX＝C16H18N3O3F; 环丙沙星, CPLX＝C17H18N3O3F)离子形成的配合物(NFLXH)2[PdCl4]•2H2O (1)和(CPLXH)2[PdCl4]•2H2O (2). 用元素分析、IR、UV以及摩尔电导测定等方法对其进行了表征. 配合物1的晶体结构经X射线单晶衍射确定, 结构参数: 三斜晶系, P-1空间群, a＝0.84561(17) nm, b＝0.94191(19) nm, c＝1.2832(3) nm; α＝111.26(3)°, β＝97.23(3)°, g＝96.38(3)°, V＝0.9312(4) nm3, Z＝1, 最后吻合因子R＝0.040, wR＝0.088. 利用紫外光谱法、荧光光谱法对配合物与小牛胸腺DNA (ct-DNA)的作用进行了研究, 研究表明, 配合物对DNA的作用模式为插入作用, 与DNA的结合常数Kb分别为: Kb(1)＝2.06×104, Kb(2)＝2.43×104. 其后测试了配合物对体外肿瘤细胞的抗增殖活性. 经采用四甲基偶氮唑蓝分析法(MTT法)测试后发现配合物1和2对人肺腺癌A549细胞、人原髓细胞白血病HL-60细胞的增殖抑制作用显著强于相应的喹诺酮分子本身, 其中配合物2对人肺腺癌A549细胞增殖有明显的抑制作用, 抑制率可高达(95.4±3.7)%, 半数抑制浓度(IC50, 72 h)为(124.5±10.3) μmol•L－1.     

Crystallographic report: Bis(norfloxacin)dilead(II) tetranitrate, [Pb2(H‐Norf)2(ONO2)4]

The centrosymmetric binuclear structure of [Pb₂(H‐Norf)₂(ONO₂)₄]shows the geometry around each lead(II) atom to be distorted trigonal bipyramidal with Pb–O distances ranging from 2.357(3) to 2.769(4) Å. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

铽 —氟哌酸荧光体系及氟哌酸测定的研究

用荧光光度法对铽与氟哌酸形成的络合物作了研究，并对络合物分子内部能量传递的机理及其影响因素作了探讨，方法的检测限为５×１０－８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ。对不经任何处理的血清及片剂进行测定，回收率在９４．０％～１０６％和９８．５％～１０５％之间。     

Solid-phase extraction using a molecularly imprinted polymer for the selective purification and preconcentration of norfloxacin from seawater

Abstract

A highly selective and effective method for the purification and preconcentration of norfloxacin (NFX) in seawater samples was developed based on molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE). The molecularly imprinted polymer was synthesized by precipitation polymerization. Methacrylic acid (MAA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) were used as the functional monomer and crosslinker, respectively. The resulting molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) showed high adsorption for NFX and was selective for its solid-phase extraction. An offline MISPE method followed by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection was established for the determination of NFX in seawater. The recoveries of spiked seawater samples using the MISPE columns were satisfactorily higher than 77.6%. The relative standard deviation was less than 5.60%, and the limit of detection was 0.027?μg L^?1. Four seawater samples obtained from the Bohai Sea were analyzed, and NFX was found only at one location at a concentration of 0.280?μg L^?1.     

Flow-Injection Chemiluminescence Determination of Fluoroquinolones

ABSTRACT

A new flow-injection CL method was developed for the determination of fluoroquinolones including ofloxacin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and lomefloxacin in pharmaceutical preparations, based on the chemiluminescence reaction of sulphite with cerium(IV) sensitized by these compounds. The linear ranges are 0.04 to 4.0 μg ml^?1 for ofloxacin and 0.4 to 40.0 μg ml^?1 for norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and lomefloxacin, respectively. The detection limits are 0.016 μg ml^?1 for ofloxacin and 0.16 μg ml ^?1 for norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and lomefloxacin, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSD) are 2.1 to 2.6% (n=10) for these fluoroquinolones. The analytical procedure has been applied to the determination of the fluoroquinolones in pharmaceutical commercial formulations. The results are in agreement with those obtained by the official methods.     

Solid-Phase Luminescence Determination of Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin in Biological Fluids

A simple, rapid, and sensitive luminescence test method for the determination of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and norfloxacin (NOR) has been described. The method is based on the intramolecular energy transfer from organic acid to terbium (Tb³⁺) ion. Luminescence of terbium (III) complex with CIP (NOR), sorbed on the zeolite has been studied. Under optimized conditions the detection limit is 1 g/mL in urine and human plasma.     

Characterization of hydrates of norfloxacin

Norfloxacin, a nalidixic acid analog with antimicrobial properties, exists in different hydrated forms. Three of these crystal forms were reproducibly prepared and characterized by analytical techniques that included infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, solution microcalorimetry and pulsed nuclear-magnetic resonance spectroscopy.These studies showed that the dihydrate is the thermodynamically stable entity at ambient temperatures and humidities.