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1.
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were applied as eco-friendly solvents in this study for the extraction of alkaloids from lotus leaf, including O-nornuciferine, N-nornuciferine, nuciferine and roemerine. A series of hydrophilic and hydrophobic DESs with different hydrogen bond donors and a acceptors were synthesized and screened for a suitable DESs for extraction of alkaloids from lotus leaf. The study results showed that the hydrophilic DES with choline chloride and propanediol had the highest extraction yield. The main factors affecting the extraction efficiency—choline chloride–propanediol ratio, water content in deep eutectic solvents, solid–liquid ratio and extraction time—were investigated via a single-factor experiment. The optimized extraction conditions were 30% of water in choline chloride–propanediol (1:4) for heated extraction for 30 min and solid–liquid ratio 1:100 g/ml. Under optimum conditions, the extraction yields of O-nornuciferine, N-nornuciferine, nuciferine and roemerine were 0.069, 0.152, 0.334 and 0.041 g/100 g respectively, which were higher than those of methanol in acidified aqueous solution. This study suggests considerable potential for DESs as promising materials for the green and efficient extraction solvents for bioactive alkaloids from natural sources.  相似文献   
2.
This study aimed to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) condition of mulberry leaf extract (MLE) using response surface methodology and to microencapsulate MLE by spray drying using different coating materials and ratios of coating material and MLE. The extraction results showed that MLE from condition of 60 °C (X1, temperature), 30 min (X2, time) and 60% v/v (X3, ethanol concentration) exhibited the highest bioactive compound and antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP assay). Based on this optimal condition, MLE was further encapsulated by spray drying. It was found that MLE encapsulated with resistant maltodextrin at ratio of MLE and resistant maltodextrin 1:1 (w/w) showed the highest encapsulation yield (%) and encapsulation efficiency (%). Water solubility, moisture content and water activity were non-significant (p > 0.05) among the microcapsules. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that the types of coating material affected their microstructures and microcapsules prepared by resistant maltodextrin as coating material had a spherical shape, smooth surface and less shrinkage than microcapsules prepared by maltodextrin and gum arabic which had rough surfaces. The highest antioxidant activity was obtained from microcapsule prepared by gum arabic at ratio of MLE and gam arabic 1:2 (w/w). In conclusion, optimal condition from UAE and encapsulation by spray drying suggest the critical potential for production of functional food with improved bioactive compound stability and maximized antioxidant activity.  相似文献   
3.
Many plants have a high polyphenol content, which causes the matrix effect and makes the analysis of trace pesticide residues highly challenging. A common approach to improving matrix effects is to purify pesticides through the use of sorbents, but this requires a combination of multiple sorbents and extensive use. Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 is widely used for pesticide analysis due to its high porosity, large specific surface area, and versatility. Here, we established and validated a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method based on a zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 that was used to test the removal ability for polyphenols. To this end, 145 pesticide residues in peppermint, perilla, fennel, and mulberry leaves were analyzed by the modified method coupled with liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The mean recoveries of all pesticide residues were in the range of 74.3–103.7%, with mean relative standard deviations ≤9.1% at spiked concentrations of 1, 10, 50, and 100 μg/kg for mulberry leaves. The limits of quantitation of the method ranged from 1 to 50 μg/kg. This study offers a reliable approach for the accurate quantitative analysis of various trace substances in the polyphenol-rich plants.  相似文献   
4.
In this study, ultrasound-assisted alkaline hydrolysis was used to extract polyphenols from pitahaya peel. The effects of sonication time, ultrasonic density, NaOH concentration and the liquid–material ratio on the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity of the extracts were studied. The composition and content difference of the extracts were analyzed and the inhibitory effect of α-amylase and α-glucosidase was measured. The results of single-factor analysis showed that when the sonication time was 45 min, the ultrasonic density was 32 W/L, the NaOH solution concentration was 6 M and the liquid–material ratio was 30 mL/g, the release of phenolic compounds was the largest and the antioxidant activity was the strongest. An UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS method was used to analyze the components and contents of the extracts. We found that there was a great difference in the component content of the free polyphenol extract and the bound polyphenol extract. From the results, we concluded that there was a strong correlation between the type and content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities, indicating that phenolic compounds were the main compounds of these biological activities. Moreover, the bound polyphenol extracts showed a significant inhibitory effect on α-amylase and α-glucosidase was stronger than that of the free polyphenol extracts. In addition, scanning electron microscopy showed that ultrasound-assisted extraction is crucial to the destruction of the cell wall and the release of bound polyphenols. Therefore, the pitahaya peel has the potential for therapeutic, nutritional, and functional food applications, and ultrasound-assisted alkaline hydrolysis is an effective means to release phenolic compounds.  相似文献   
5.
无向图G是简单连通图,且最小度为δ.如果G中包含一条生成路,则G是可迹的.无向图G的叶子数L(G)是G中生成树所含的叶子数的最大数.基于L(G)和δ,证明了一个充分条件使得无向图G是可迹的,即设G为连通图,最小度为δ≤4.若δ≥(1/2)(L(G)+2),G是可迹的.  相似文献   
6.
The present study optimised the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from Amaranthus hypochondriacus var. Nutrisol. Influence of temperature (25.86–54.14 °C) and ultrasonic power densities (UPD) (76.01–273.99 mW/mL) on total betalains (BT), betacyanins (BC), betaxanthins (BX), total polyphenols (TP), antioxidant activity (AA), colour parameters (L*, a*, and b*), amaranthine (A), and isoamaranthine (IA) were evaluated using response surface methodology. Moreover, betalain extraction kinetics and mass transfer coefficients (KLa) were determined for each experimental condition. BT, BC, BX, TP, AA, b*, KLa, and A were significantly affected (p < 0.05) by temperature extraction and UPD, whereas L*, a*, and IA were only affected (p < 0.05) by temperature. All response models were significantly validated with regression coefficients (R2) ranging from 87.46 to 99.29%. BT, A, IA, and KLa in UAE were 1.38, 1.65, 1.50, and 29.93 times higher than determined using conventional extraction, respectively. Optimal UAE conditions were obtained at 41.80 °C and 188.84 mW/mL using the desired function methodology. Under these conditions, the experimental values for BC, BX, BT, TP, AA, L*, a*, b*, KLa, A, and IA were closely related to the predicted values, indicating the suitability of the developed quadratic models. This study proposes a simple and efficient UAE method to obtain betalains and polyphenols with high antioxidant activity, which can be used in several applications within the food industry.  相似文献   
7.
Alsophila spinulosa is a tree-like fern, and many evidences suggested that plant polyphenols had the potential therapeutic for Alzheimer s disease (AD). Herein, polyphenols (ASP) was isolated from A. spinulosa leaves and its major constituent were isoorientin and vitexin. ASP displayed excellent antioxidant activity and obvious anti-lipid peroxidation capacity in vitro. ASP improved the survival rate of C. elegans under high temperature by enhancing the antioxidant enzymes activities and decreasing the lipid peroxidation level. Moreover, ASP alleviated β-amyloid (Aβ) induced paralysis and reduced Aβ deposition, decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and improved the level of skn-1 mRNA. In addition, ASP decreased the levels of pdk-1 and akt-1 mRNA in P13K/AKT signaling pathway. In conclusion, ASP may be a potential ingredient for the alleviation of AD.  相似文献   
8.
综合使用光谱技术对作物养分进行实时、有效诊断,有助于作物的精准管理、保障产量和减少环境污染,提高肥料利用率,并且为定量估测作物生化组分状况提供了一种新的途径。光谱指数是进行作物叶片叶绿素实时估测的重要指标,然而由于受到环境条件及内在生化成分的影响,估测结果不尽满意。为了进一步提高光谱指数在估测作物叶片叶绿素含量时的抗干扰能力和敏感性,于2020年在内蒙古玉米种植典型区域进行不同氮梯度的田间试验,在玉米的四个关键生育时期获取叶片的光谱反射率和叶绿素值,通过建立基于面积的光谱指数和叶片叶绿素值的关系模型并进行光谱指数的优化及评价。结果表明,生育时期对面积光谱指数与叶片叶绿素值的关系有显著影响。前人研究的基于面积的光谱指数在玉米苗期时对于叶片叶绿素含量的估测效果较差,而对抽雄期叶片叶绿素含量的估测效果最佳。基于优化算法构建的面积光谱指数显著提高了光谱指数对叶片叶绿素含量估测的准确度和稳定性,基于优化算法的优化三角形植被指数(OTVI)、优化叶绿素吸收积分指数(OCAI)和优化双峰面积归一化差值指数(ONDDA)在不同生育时期上比前人研究的面积光谱指数具有更强的叶绿素含量估测能力,估测模型的决定系数R2在0.94~0.99之间。与优化三角形植被指数(OTVI)和优化叶绿素吸收积分指数(OCAI)相比优化双峰面积归一化差值指数(ONDDA)在估测春玉米不同生育时期叶片叶绿素含量方面更为稳定,预测模型验证结果的决定系数R2为0.94,并且验证误差最小,RMSE和NRMSE%分别为2.29%,3.94%,模型估测值与实测值的验证斜率为0.996,接近1。综上所述,ONDDA是一个实用且适合于估测不同生育时期叶片叶绿素含量的面积光谱指数。  相似文献   
9.
基于光谱-空间特征的黄茶多酚含量估算模型   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
茶多酚是黄茶中的重要成分之一,具有保健和药用功效。准确估测茶多酚含量对茶叶品质鉴定和定量分析具有重要的意义。学者们已经利用电子鼻、电子舌、高光谱和近红外技术开展了茶多酚的估测研究,取得了良好的效果。然而,由于缺乏空间特征,难以满足黄茶内外品质综合判断的要求。随着高光谱成像系统的发展,尽管基于灰度共生矩阵的茶叶成分估测已经被证实取得较好的效果,但在实际应用中仍然存在一些障碍。一方面,分辨率较低时,图像的纹理特征不会有显著差异,并且少数特征无法充分地解译高光谱图像,从而导致模型估测效果较差。另一方面,分辨率较高时,特征的增加会导致模型更复杂。因此,在保留高光谱图像原始信息的前提下,有必要进一步挖掘高光谱图像的潜在特征,尤其是纹理的细节部分。因此,提出了一种融合光谱和空间特征的模型来提高茶多酚估测的准确性。首先,利用连续小波变换提取光谱信息的小波系数;其次,根据不同尺度的小波系数能量优选小波系数特征,分别是第4尺度的959和1 561 nm,第5尺度的1 321,1 520和1 540 nm,以及第6尺度的1 202和1 228 nm;再者,基于小波系数能量之和优选2个特征波长,分别是1 102和1 309 nm;然后,根据特征波长对应的高光谱图像分别提取灰度共生矩阵和小波纹理。最后,分别利用小波系数特征、灰度共生矩阵、小波纹理和他们的组合构建黄茶多酚含量的估测模型。通过对五种黄茶的分析和验证,比较基于不同特征的不同模型估测效果,包括偏最小二乘回归、支持向量回归和随机森林方法。结果表明,融合小波系数特征,共生矩阵和小波纹理的支持向量回归模型效果最佳,校正集的R2为0.933 0,验证集的R2为0.823 8。因此,所提出的模型能有效的提高茶多酚含量的预测精度,为预测茶叶的其他成分提供了技术基础。  相似文献   
10.
Three new types of heterogeneous catalysts were prepared using a facile approach by the immobilization of Grubbs catalysts on PEGylated Merrifield resin. One of the immobilized catalysts was more efficient than the free catalyst for the metathesis of leaf alcohols in conversion and selectivity and was reused repeatedly (up to 5 cycles) with only a slight loss of activity (10.5 %). The long-chain PEGylated linker provided an appropriate distance between the resin and the catalytic center so that the ruthenium catalysts acted as the free catalyst.  相似文献   
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