人参属中药腐解化感作用研究进展

人参、西洋参和三七为人参属近缘物种,形态和化学成分相似,均具有连作障碍的特性。人参属中药连作后,土壤环境逐渐变得不适宜其生长,植株长势变弱易患病,导致生长发育受到抑制,出现严重的根腐病、须根脱落,甚至植株死亡现象。而造成人参属连作障碍的主要原因之一是化感物质的自毒作用,人参残体降解物作为人参化感物质主要来源之一,会导致种子发芽率下降,种苗死亡率升高、根腐病等病害加重,最终造成连作障碍。在人参属中药连作过程中,通过化感物质与土壤交流,也会直接或间接影响土壤理化性质的变化。对人参属中药腐解化感作用的研究进展以及腐解对土壤成分的影响进行综述,以期为人参属中药腐解化感作用及土壤利用的相关研究提供借鉴。     

矿物元素指纹图谱的建立及在西洋参产地鉴别中的应用研究

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定了山东、吉林、美国和加拿大4个产地西洋参中50种矿物元素的含量,研究了不同产地西洋参矿物元素的差别和转换系数,构建了西洋参的矿物元素指纹图谱。以各产地矿物元素含量的平均值构建了山东、吉林、美国和加拿大产西洋参的矿物元素标准指纹图谱。采用SPSS 20.0计算了各西洋参矿物元素指纹图谱与其矿物元素标准指纹图谱的相似度,确定了山东、吉林、美国和加拿大产西洋参矿物元素指纹图谱的相似度阈值分别为0.93、0.91、0.98和0.93。通过比较未知产地西洋参矿物元素指纹图谱与矿物元素标准指纹图谱的相似度,进行西洋参的产地判别。采用20批未知产地西洋参样品验证模型的准确性,正确率为85%。此外,研究表明,不同生长年限和不同部位西洋参样品对所建立的西洋参产地鉴别方法无影响。     

Neuroprotective Effect and Antioxidant Potency of Fermented Cultured Wild Ginseng Root Extracts of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer in Mice

Wild ginseng has better pharmacological effects than cultivated ginseng. However, its industrialization is limited by the inability to grow wild ginseng on a large scale. Herein, we demonstrate how to optimize ginseng production through cultivation, and how to enhance the concentrations of specific ginsenosides through fermentation. In the study, we also evaluated the ability of fermented cultured wild ginseng root extract (HLJG0701-β) to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), as well as its neuroprotective effects and antioxidant activity. In in vitro tests, HLJG0701-β inhibited AChE activity and exerted neuroprotective and antioxidant effects (showing increased catalyst activity but decreased reactive oxygen species concentration). In in vivo tests, after HLJG0701-β was orally administered at doses of 0, 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg in an animal model of memory impairment, behavioral evaluation (Morris water maze test and Y-maze task test) was performed. The levels of AChE, acetylcholine (ACh), blood catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in brain tissues were measured. The results showed that HLJG0701-β produced the best results at a dose of 250 mg/kg or more. The neuroprotective mechanism of HLJG0701-β was determined to involve the inhibition of AChE activity and a decrease in oxidative stress. In summary, both in vitro and in vivo tests confirmed that HJG0701-β administration can lead to memory improvement.     

Analysis of ginseng root and leaf by multiple columns and detections liquid chromatography

Abstract

A multiple columns and detections liquid chromatography system, including size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), for the analysis of macromolecules and micromolecules in ginseng root and leaf was developed. The columns were connected by two switching valves. Macromolecules were separated on a SEC column (TSK gel SuperMultipore PW-H column, 6?mm× 150?mm, 8?μm) by isocratic elution of 50?mM ammonium acetate aqueous solution, 0.3?mL/min of flow rate and detected by evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD). Micromolecules were analyzed on a Poroshell RP column (Agilent Poroshell 120?SB-Aq column, 4.6?mm × 50?mm, 2.7 µm) with gradient elution of water and acetonitrile, 0.6?mL/min of flow rate and detected by ultraviolet detection (UV). As a result, in the macromolecules chromatogram of ginseng root sample showed two main peaks while only one major peak for ginseng leaf. For micromolecules analysis, 17 compounds (3 nucleosides + 14 saponins) and 17 compounds (3 nucleosides + 1 flavonoid + 13 saponins) were found in ginseng root and leaf, respectively. The developed method is helpful for the quality evaluation of ginseng root and leaf.     

固相萃取-超高效液相色谱法测定人参中5种原人参二醇型人参皂苷的含量

建立了固相萃取-超高效液相色谱测定人参中5种原人参二醇型人参皂苷的方法。人参药材经粉碎后通过水饱和正丁醇溶液进行超声提取,经过亲水作用固相萃取柱净化后,在ACQUITY UPLC BEH Shield RP18色谱柱（100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm）上分离,利用乙腈/水作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用光电二极管阵列检测器检测。结果表明,5种原人参二醇型人参皂苷在5~500 μg/mL范围内具有很好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999。方法精密度的RSD值在0.95%~2.62%（n=6）之间,22 h内样品稳定性的RSD值在0.90%~2.15%（n=8）之间,日内和日间重复性的RSD值分别为5.35%~6.47%（n=6）和5.56%~6.34%（n=8）。方法的加标回收率在87.16%~101.92%之间,相对标准偏差在1.54%~4.01%（n=6）之间。所建立的方法采用亲水作用色谱模式的固相萃取材料,药材的提取液可直接作为固相萃取的上样溶液进行人参皂苷的富集和净化,并且超高效液相色谱大大缩短了分析时间。该方法简单快速、通量高、重现性好,适用于人参中5种原人参二醇型人参皂苷的定量分析。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定人参中申嗪霉素的残留

建立了液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱测定人参中申嗪霉素残留量的分析方法。人参样品经水浸泡,乙腈提取,分散固相萃取净化,色谱分离后,采用ESI-MS/MS在正离子多反应监测(MRM)模式下进行检测,选择定量离子对为m/z 225.1/179.1,定性离子对为m/z 225.1/125.1,外标法定量。该方法对于人参中申嗪霉素的定量下限为0.01 mg/kg,在0.5~10μg/L质量浓度范围内,峰面积与含量呈良好线性关系,相关系数大于0.99。对人参中申嗪霉素在0.01,0.02,0.10 mg/kg加标水平下的回收率为82%~100%,相对标准偏差均不大于6.8%。结果表明,该方法操作简单、快速,灵敏度和准确度高,可满足人参中申嗪霉素残留量的检测要求。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定人参中磺酰脲类除草剂残留量

建立了人参中15种磺酰脲类除草剂残留量的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)检测方法。样品中残留的农药经乙腈提取、石墨化炭黑(ENVI-Carbon)固相萃取柱净化后,使用含1%(v/v)甲酸的甲醇-二氯甲烷(20:80, v/v)洗脱,UPLC分离,最后采用电喷雾串联质谱在正离子多反应监测(MRM)扫描模式下进行测定。15种农药在2～100 μg/L的质量浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数在0.996和0.999之间。对人参中15种农药在5、25和50 μg/kg 3个添加水平下的回收率进行了测定,其平均回收率在84.9%和104.3%之间,相对标准偏差在2.4%和11.9%之间。各种农药的定量限均为5 μg/kg。该方法操作简便,净化效果好,灵敏度、准确度和精密度均符合多残留检测技术的要求,可为中药材中磺酰脲类除草剂污染状况调查提供检测方法支持。     

Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction with in situ derivatization coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for the determination of 4‐methylimidazole in red ginseng products containing caramel colors

A rapid analytical method was developed for the determination of 4‐methylimidazole from red ginseng products containing caramel colors by using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction with in situ derivatization followed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Chloroform and acetonitrile were selected as the extraction and dispersive solvents, and based on the extraction efficiency, their optimum volumes were 200 and 100 μL, respectively. The optimum volumes of the derivatizing agent (isobutyl chloroformate) and catalyst (pyridine), pH, and concentration of NaCl in the sample solution were determined to be 25 and 100 μL, pH 7.6, and 0% w/v, respectively. Validation of the optimized method showed good linearity (R² > 0.999), accuracy (≥89.86%), intra‐ (≤6.70%) and interday (≤4.17%) repeatability, limit of detection (0.96 μg/L), and limit of quantification (5.79 μg/L). The validated method was applied to quantify 4‐methylimidazole in red ginseng juices and concentrates, 4‐methylimidazole was only found in red ginseng juices containing caramel colorant (42.91–2863.4 μg/L) and detected in red ginseng concentrates containing >1% caramel colorant.     

UPLC–MS–MS同时测定人参中4种植物生长调节剂残留量

建立超高效液相色谱–串联质谱法测定人参中4种植物生长调节剂残留的方法。样品以50%乙腈溶液室温振荡提取30 min,并采用分散固相萃取(DSPE)法净化,其中每毫升提取液加入50 mg C_(18)吸附剂,在优化后的仪器条件下进行测定。2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸、矮壮素、赤霉素、乙烯利分别在10~500,0.5~250,5~500,200~5 000μg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数r~20.99,检出限分别为7.5,0.4,4.0,150.0μg/kg,测定结果的相对标准偏差为3.05%~14.77%(n=6),加标回收率为69.6%~97.4%。该方法样品处理简单快速,检出限低,准确度和精密度高,适合于人参中2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸、矮壮素、赤霉素和乙烯利4种植物生长调节剂残留量的测定。     

Two new dammarane-type triterpene sapogenins from Chinese red ginseng

Two new dammarane-type triterpene sapogenins were isolated from the Chinese red ginseng. The new sapogenins were named as 24,26-dihydroxy-panaxdiol (1) and 24-hydroxy-panaxdiol (2). Their structures were elucidated by the combined analysis of NMR and mass spectrometry as 20(S),25(R)-epoxydammarane-3β,12β,24β,26-tetraol (1) and 20(S),25-epoxydammarane-3β,12β,24α-triol (2). The complete signal assignments of the two compounds were carried out by 2D NMR spectral and NOE differential spectroscopy analysis.