二烯丙基甲基烷基溴化铵的结构与性质的关系

对4种二烯丙基甲基烷基(n=12,14,16,18)溴化铵(标记为C12,C14,C16,C18)的性质与性能进行了研究。 通过测定其热稳定性、表面活性和絮凝性能,考察产物结构对其性质与性能的影响规律。 结果表明,季铵盐C12~C18的主要分解温度分别为170~300 ℃、172~303 ℃、170~293 ℃和170~310 ℃,对应失重率分别为92.8%、92.6%、96.4%和87.4%;临界胶束浓度(cmc)和临界胶束浓度下的表面张力(γ_cmc)分别为5.2、3.5、1.4、1.1 mmol/L和26.6、25.2、33.8、35.8 mN/m,显示出较高的表面活性;季铵盐C16的发泡与稳泡性能最好,C12的Krafft点<0 ℃,C14、C16和C18的Krafft点分别为1、8和19 ℃; C12和C14分别对膨润土和高岭土的絮凝能力最强,表明单体的絮凝性能具有结构选择性。     

Flocculation and rheology of kaolinite/quartz suspensions

Rheological properties of suspensions of Na-kaolinite and colloidal quartz (Min-U-Sil) at constant overall volume concentration of 2% are determined with a Weissenberg Rheogoniometer using a combined Couette and cone-and-plate geometry. The results are interpreted in terms of the flocculation behaviour of the constituent particles in the presence of high salt concentrations (0.1–0.75m NaCl) at pH 6, 7 and 8. In these chemical environments these suspensions are pseudoplastic for much of the range of mixture compositions becoming Newtonian for suspensions containing only quartz. These properties reflect the dominant influence of interactions between kaolinite particles on the flocculation behaviour of the mixture.Nomenclature a ₁, a₂ radii of spheres - A Hamaker constant - b radius of cylinder - C volumetric solids concentration - e ₀ electronic charge - H ₀ shortest distance between surfaces - I ionic strength - J collision frequency per unit volume - k Boltzmann constant - l length of cylinder - m number in eq. (2) - N particle number concentration - S (H ₀ + b)/b in eq. (4) - T absolute temperature - U electrophoretic mobility - V _A van der Waals attractive energy - V _R coulombic energy - V _T total energy of interaction - X H ₀/2a₁ in eq. (5) - Y a ₂/a₁ in eq. (5) - thickness of plate - shear rate - permittivity - zeta potential - k Debye-Hückel parameter - µ dynamic viscosity - µ _pl plastic viscosity - v valency of counter ion - shear stress - _B Bingham stress - ₁, ₂ dimensionless potentials - ₁, ₂ surface potentials     

Isolation and Characterization of Cellulosic Pulp Fines and Their Interactions with Cationic Polyacrylamides

Four different types of cellulosic fines were isolated from refiner mechanical and kraft pulp samples to characterize their chemical and physical properties. The pulp fines were flocculated using four different types of cationically modified polyacrylamides. The extent of flocculation was observed with multiple light scattering apparatus. The maximum adsorption of the polyelectrolytes on the pulp fines was determined by polyelectrolyte titration. It was concluded that it is the combination of the molar mass and the charge density of a polyelectrolyte, as well as the origins and characteristics of the fines which define the adsorption and flocculation behavior. None of these properties alone could fully describe these phenomena, but the molar mass of the polyelectrolyte was the predominant factor. The most important fines characteristics were the charge properties and the microstructure.     

Synthesis of nanocomposites from cationic polyacrylamide and modified carbon black: Application as flocculants for oily sludge suspension

Carbon black was modified using various liquid‐phase oxidation methods (modified carbon black = m‐CB, m = (1, 2, 3): 1, sulfuric acid/potassium permanganate method; 2, nitric acid method; 3, hydrogen peroxide method). With acetone–ethylene glycol as initiator, dimethyldiallylammonium chloride (DMDAAC) and acrylamide (AM) as monomer, cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) was prepared by UV excitation of the monomer. The m‐CB/CPAM nanocomposites were synthesized using a hydrothermal method. The factors that affected the molecular weight of CPAM were investigated, including the total monomer concentration, the dosage of the complex initiator, the mass ratio of m_AM:m_DMDAAC and the UV irradiation time. The chemical structures and morphologies of the samples were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, elemental composition, X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. 1‐CB/CPAM was utilized to flocculate oil sludge suspension, and the effects of 1‐CB quality, 1‐CB/CPAM dosage, temperature and pH value on the flocculation performance of 1‐CB/CPAM were investigated. The flocculation mechanism of 1‐CB/CPAM was also analyzed. The results show that 1‐CB/CPAM has an outstanding flocculation effect, and it flocculates oil sludge particles by adsorption bridging and charge neutralization in acidic and alkaline conditions.     

BEHAVIOR OF ANIONIC SURFACTANT MICELLES IN THE PRESENCE OF Al3+ AND Ca2+

The estimation of the C-potential of ionic surfactant micelles may be useful for the study of adsorption of solutes onto the micellar surface, which causes a reduction of the net electrostatic charge. This work presents results on the variation of ζ-potential of alkylsulfate and fatty carboxylate micelles with the bulk concentrations of Al³⁺ and Ca²⁺ cations. Combined with results from the literature about the effect of micellar surfactant concentration on reducing surfactant precipitation in the presence of polyvalent cations, these allow to conclude that micelles of anionic surfactants will have a higher chance of electroneutralization of their surface charge by adsorbing cations if the end functional group of the surfactant is smaller.     

Chitosan‐Based Glucose Oxidase Electrodes Enhanced by Silver Nanoparticles

Silver nanoparticles enhanced glucose oxidase electrodes were prepared on the basis of chitosan matrix. The enzyme electrodes exhibited high sensitivity and excellent response performance to glucose with a linear range from 1×10^?6 to 8×10^?3 mol · L^?1. And the time reaching the steady‐state amperometric response was less than 5 seconds. The inhibition percentage of this enzyme electrode against copper ions concentration was linear ranging from 1.2×10^?6 to 5×10^?5 mol · L^?1. These properties of enzyme electrodes are probably due to the excellent electron transfer of silver nanoparticles and the orientation of glucose oxidase molecule.     

Demulsification of Gas Oil/Water Emulsion via High-Intensity Ultrasonic Standing Wave

High-intensity ultrasonic standing wave field was established in a horizontal direction and its effect on “gas oil” in “water” emulsion separation rate was studied. Also, effects of four parameters on emulsion instability behavior were investigated: ultrasound irradiation time (5–30 min), emulsion position in ultrasound field (17–37 cm), ultrasound input intensity (20, 45, and 75%) and dispersed phase concentration (0.5, 2, and 10%). Emulsion light absorbance, droplet diameter and distribution were measured to analyze separation efficiency. The optimum states were 10% oil in water emulsion treated at 17 cm distance from ultrasound source under 30 minutes irradiation time and 20% sound intensity.     

复配絮凝剂对荷叶水提液的絮凝工艺研究

为了克服传统中药提取工艺中有效成分损失率高的缺点,提高药液的澄清度和药效,优化生产工艺,采用絮凝法对中药水提液进行除杂,并在实验中将絮凝剂壳聚糖与单宁复合使用,以水提液的絮凝率和黄酮损失率为衡量指标.通过正交实验,得出最优操作条件为壳聚糖投加量为1.071 g·L-1,单宁投加量为5.3579 g·L-1,温度为30℃,搅拌转数为60 r·min-1.在此基础上研究了各个因素随絮凝工艺条件的变化趋势及对絮凝效果的影响.实验结果表明,用复配絮凝剂处理荷叶水提液能够有效去除杂质,降低黄酮损失率,缩短生产周期.     

用深部处理剂JY-8提高注聚区残余聚合物的利用率

针对目前各油田聚合物驱转为水驱后,一般出现含水上升快,产油量大幅度下降的情况,以及油层内残余的大量聚合物未得到利用,而目前开发的残余聚合物再利用技术存在一些缺点,未得到推广应用,研制出新型复合处理剂JY-8。新型复合处理剂JY-8可与聚合物形成强度较高的凝胶体,将地层内残余聚合物有效地固定和絮凝,是很好的固定剂和絮凝剂,实现了“二剂合一”,达到对地层进行深部调剖、驱油的目的;同时,通过调整复合处理剂JY-8的加量等可调节成胶时间和凝胶强度。室内评价和现场应用表明,与以前的技术相比,复合处理剂JY-8可使油层内的残余聚合物利用率从原来的8％提高到15.65％,使聚合物驱后续水驱的采收率增加值从原来的10.33％提高到18.1％,在油井上起到了很好的增油、控水效果。     

河口混合与泥沙输运

根据振荡边界层理论和波流分解方法,导出了河口往复水流的流速垂向分布廓线,据此建立了河口垂向准二维水流、盐度、泥沙运动模型。对泥沙输运,完整地考虑了其对流、扩散、起动和沉降的动力学过程。模拟结果与实测资料进行了对比。应用该模型研究河口泥沙输运,分析了河口混合对泥沙输运的影响及最大浑浊带的时空变化规律。