Stainless Steel Electrodes to Determine Biodiesel Content in Petroleum Diesel Fuel by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

The blending ratio of biodiesel in petroleum diesel has become one of the most important parameters to ensure the quality of diesel/biodiesel blend. This paper presents a fast and simple method based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to determine the biodiesel content in diesel fuel. Different from the method reported in the literature, using a pair of two identical screen printed carbon paste electrodes, in the present work we used two electrodes made from 304 stainless steel with dimensions of 0.8×0.3 cm for the EIS measurements. Improved results were obtained in terms of sensitivity, stability of measurements, electrode reuse, and cost. In this procedure the charge transfer resistance is proportionally related to the biodiesel content, which is used to construct a calibration curve for the analysis of biodiesel content. The procedure was validated by an official method, using two samples, being one of them, certified through an official interlaboratory program of the Brazilian government (Interlaboratory Program for Biodiesel of National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (PIB)/ANP). Good results were obtained in terms of recovery (102.6 %‐102.8 %), precision (coefficient of variation lower than 2.3 %), limit of detection (0.24 %) and limit of quantification (0.80 %). These results indicate that this method is sufficiently suitable as an alternative method to the official method for determining biodiesel content in commercial diesel fuel.     

一种摩擦学状态在线监测系统的研究

研制了一种用于船用柴油机的摩擦学状态在线监测系统。它集磨粒监测，润滑油质量监测，柴油机扭矩及时转速监测于一体，利用在线铁谱技术监测润滑油中的铁磁性磨粒，利用容栅型电容传感器在线监测污染物引起的润滑油介电常数的变化，利用光电传感器和随轴转动齿盘产生的脉冲及相位差在线测量柴油机输出轴的扭矩及瞬时转速。此外，该监测系统还可将柴油机的磨损状态与动力状态相关联，监测由于各缸爆排压力变化造成的瞬时转速变化，从     

三维相移电子散斑干涉法在柴油机机身中的应用

本文通过一新的三维电子散斑干涉方法，结合四步相移技术和图象处理技术，从三幅全场散斑位相条纹图分离出独立的u、υ、w场位移。测量系统的特点是用三个激光器作为光源，一个PZT相移器推动三个反射镜产生参考光并实现相移以及CCD摄像机前放置大错位剪切镜。将该测量系统应用到柴油机机身部件测量上，得到了机身主轴承孔周的三维位移场，并将此结果作为有限元计算的边界条件，得到了精确的柴油机机身计算结果，证明这一新技术可为柴油机零部件的强度和刚度分析评价提供一种十分有效的方法。     

Biofuels–Renewable Energy Sources: A Review

Biodiesel is biodegradable and nontoxic, and it significantly reduces toxic and other emissions when burned as a fuel. The advantages of biodiesel as diesel fuel are its portability, ready availability, renewability, higher combustion efficiency, non-toxicity, higher flash point, and lower sulfur and aromatic content, higher cetane number, and higher biodegradability. The major disadvantages of biodiesel are its higher viscosity, lower energy content, higher cloud point and pour point, higher nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, lower engine speed and power, injector coking, engine compatibility, high price, and greater engine wear. The technical disadvantages of biodiesel/fossil diesel blends include problems with fuel freezing in cold weather, reduced energy density, and degradation of fuel under storage for prolonged periods. The sources of biodiesel are vegetable oils and fats. The direct use of vegetable oils and/or oil blends is generally considered to be unsatisfactory and impractical for both direct injection and indirect type diesel engines because of their high viscosities and low volatilities injector coking and trumpet formation on the injectors, higher level of carbon deposits, oil ring sticking, and thickening and gelling of the engine lubricant oil, acid composition. Biodiesel is obtained by transesterifying triglycerides with methanol. A popular variation of the batch transesterification process which needs high alcohol/acid ratio (several separation problems and high corrosivity and toxicity) is the use of continuous stirred tank reactors in series. This continuous process is heterogeneous and is based on reactive distillation. The key factor is the selection of the right and effective solid catalyst which leads to reduction of energy consumption and investments at all.     

ESR and calculations on electronic structure of phenalenyl and phenalenyl derivative radicals

Calculations on electronic structure of the perinaphthenyl radical and phenalenyl derivative radicals responsible for the composition of the ESR spectrum of marine diesel under heating were performed to obtain support for the experimental ESR results. The parameters calculated were the hyperfine coupling constants (A), which were then used for comparison with the experimental data. The energy‐minimized structures were obtained using the density functional theory method. In all cases, the symmetry system was taken into account in theoretical calculations. The differences between experimental and theoretical values were below 7% for nearest hydrogens in molecules, named hyperfine coupling constant A (first neighbors) and 18% for farthest hydrogens atoms named hyperfine coupling constants A′ (second neighbors), for all structures analyzed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Co/SBA-16:对柴油组分有高选择性的费托合成催化剂(英文)

使用浸渍法制备了一系列Co/SBA-16催化剂,并通过氮物理吸附、X射线衍射、氢程序升温还原、氢化学吸附和透射电镜技术对催化剂行了表征。研究表明,随着负载钴含量的增加,金属钴的分散度降低了,这是同Co3O4晶粒增长和比表面积降低相一致的。Co/SBA-16催化剂展示了高的一氧化碳转化率,低的C1选择性和高的C5+选择性,特别对柴油组分有高选择性。     

Tween-80–n-Butanol–Diesel–Water Microemulsion System—A Class of Alternative Diesel Fuel

Tween-80–n–butanol–diesel–water microemulsion systems with various surfactant:cosurfactant (S:C) ratio have been reported as a class of alternative diesel fuel from their phase behavior, clouding phenomena, conductivity, turbidity, and inflammation studies. Temperature induced clouding of microemulsion containing 2% brine at an S:C ratio of 1:1 from a suitable turbid zone has been examined to see the stability of the diesel–water microemulsion systems. Regression models have been proposed to understand the impact of various components of the microemulsion on their cloud point (CP) values. Conductivity of the microemulsions at various S:C ratio increases with the volume of brine having two cut points depicting the presence of three microheterogenous phases within the system, whereas turbidity shows a linear increase. Dye-probed investigation of water-rich and oil-rich zones of the microemulsions indicates the involvement of a dynamic mass transfer process within the various zones. The intensities of flames produced during burning of the microemulsions with various O:E:W weight percentages selected from the isotropic regions of the phase diagrams have been estimated using MATLAB image processing method and the impacts of various components on the fuel use of the microemulsions have been analyzed.     

用于NH3选择性催化还原NO的非钒基催化剂研究进展

NH3选择性催化还原NO (NH3-SCR)技术在燃煤电厂烟气脱硝过程中有着多年的工业应用经验,也是最有望实际应用于柴油车尾气NOx催化去除的技术之一.鉴于目前工业化应用的V2O5-WO3 (MoO3)/TiO2催化剂体系应用于柴油车尾气净化仍存在着诸多问题,开发新型、高效、稳定且环境友好的非钒基NH3-SCR催化剂体...     

Synthesis of Ni2P promoted trimetallic NiMoW/γ-Al2O3 catalysts for diesel oil hydrotreatment

The Ni2P promoted and γ-Al2O3 supported NiMoW sulfide catalyst consisting of 4 wt% Mo, 22 wt% W, 2 wt% Ni and 2.5 wt% Ni2P was synthesized by a co-impregnation method. The catalysts were characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy, NH3 temperature-programmed desorption (NH3-TPD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that Ni2P, Ni, Mo and W species were highly dispersed over γ-Al2O3. The hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of dibenzothiophene (DBT) showed that the presence of Ni2P brought a strong promotional effect on the HDS activity, which was further confirmed by the HDS and hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) of diesel oil under industrial conditions. The enhancement in HDN activity and stability by Ni2P addition could be attributed more to the effect of new active sites of Ni2P than that of acidity modification. The as-prepared Ni2P-NiMoW/γ-Al2O3 catalyst showed better hydrotreating performance than NiMoW/γ-Al2O3 and commercial catalysts.