Conformational polymorphism of the antidiabetic drug chlorpropamide

In this paper, the main features of Raman spectroscopy, one of the first choice methods in the study of polymorphism in pharmaceuticals, are presented taking chlorpropamide as a case of study. The antidiabetic drug chlorpropamide (1‐[4‐chlorobenzenesulphonyl]‐3‐propyl urea), which belongs to the sulfonylurea class, is known to exhibit, at least, six polymorphic phases. These forms are characterized not only by variations in their molecular packing but also in their molecular conformation. In this study, the polymorphism of chlorpropamide is discussed on the basis of Raman scattering measurements and quantum mechanical calculations. The main spectroscopic features that fingerprint the crystalline forms are correlated with the corresponding crystalline structures. Using a theoretical approach on the energy dependence of the conformers, simulated molecular torsion angles are plotted versus the formation energy, which provides a satisfactory agreement between the torsion angles at the energy minima and the experimental values observed in the different solid forms of chlorpropamide. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Quantitation of Chlorpropamide and Tolbutamide in Tablets by Stability-Indicating Reverse Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

A stability-indicating assay method for the quantitation of chloropropamide and tolbutamide based on reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography has been developed. The method is accurate, reproducible and precise with a percent relative standard deviations based on 5 readings of 0.52 and 0.46 for chlorpropamide and tolbutamide, respectively. There is no interference from the products of hydrolysis of chlorpropamide or tolbutamide (they elute before the intact drug) and th excipients present in the tablets. The hydrolysis process proceeds very fast in acidic pH as compared with basic pH. The products of hydrolysis, p-chlorobenzenesulfonamide (from chlorpropamide) and p-toluenesulfonamide (from tolbutamide) can also be quantified if required. The hydrolysis of both chlorpropamide and tolbutamide in 0.09N H₂SO₄ followed first order law with K values of 0.0036 and 0.0047 per day (at 50°), respectively.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定化妆品中的3种磺脲类物质

建立了同时测定化妆品中3种磺脲类物质(氨磺丁脲、氯磺丙脲及甲苯磺丁脲)的超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)分析方法。霜剂、水剂、膏剂等不同类型的化妆品样品通过酸化甲醇提取,提取液经离心过滤后用水稀释,超高效液相色谱分离,串联质谱检测,外标法定量,5 min内即可完成3种化合物的分离分析。3种磺脲类化合物在0.001~0.1 mg/L范围内呈良好线性,其相关系数均大于0.999,定量下限均为0.08 mg/kg。在低、中、高3个加标水平下的平均回收率为80.9%~117.0%,相对标准偏差为3.6%~9.7%。     

Transitions among five polymorphs of chlorpropamide near the melting point

Five polymorphs of chlorpropamide (α, β, δ, γ, and ε) were investigated near the melting point by using DSC. Structure of samples was tested by X-ray powder diffraction. Four first polymorphs were found to transform into ε-polymorph, which melts at T _m=128°C, Δ_m H=24 kJ mol⁻¹. Enthalpy of the polymorph transitions ranges from +3 kJ mol⁻¹ for α→ε to −0.8 kJ mol⁻¹ for β→ε. Structure of three first polymorphs was published elsewhere, and the structure of δ-polymorph is published for the first time. XRPD patterns for all polymorphs are reported, together with the atomic coordinates for the δ-polymorph.     

Effects of 2-Hydroxypropyl-b-cyclodextrin on Polymorphic Transition of Chlorpropamide in Various Conditions: Temperature, Humidity and Moulding Pressure

The amorphous complex of 2-hydroxypropyl--cyclodextrin (HP--CyD) with an oral hypoglycemic agent, chlorpropamide (CPM), in a molar ratio of 1:1 was prepared by the spray-drying method. The effects of storage (temperature and humidity) and moulding pressure on the polymorphic transition of CPM in HP--CyD matrix were investigated, in comparison with those of the CPM polymorphs, Form A (stable form) and Form C (metastable form). The formation of an amorphous complex of CPM with HP--CyD was confirmed by powder X-ray diffractometry and differential scanning calorimetry. During storage at various temperature and humidity conditions, the metastable Form C of CPM converted to the stable Form A, where the conversion proceeded according to the Jander equation with an activation energy of 51 kJ/mol (25–60–°C) and a reaction-order of 1.55 with respect to water content (relative humidity (RH) 20–75%). No polymorphic transition of Form A crystals was observed under the experimental conditions. In the case of the amorphous HP--CyD complex, Form C crystals were slowly produced, but the further conversion of the resulting Form C to Form A was markedly suppressed in HP--CyD matrix. Upon compression (2000kg/cm²), Forms A and C were converted to amorphous CPM in a major portion and Forms C and A, respectively, in a minor portion. The polymorphic transition behavior was clearly reflected in the dissolution rate of CPM, i.e., (1) the dissolution rate was in the order of HP--CyD complex (Form C) Form A, and (2) the dissolution rate of Forms A and C after the compression increased because of the conversion to amorphous state, while the complex maintained the fast dissolving property even after the compression. The results indicated that HP--CyD is useful not only for converting crystalline CPM to an amorphous substance, but also for maintaining the metastable form with fast dissolution rate, Form C, over a long period.