水硬性石灰合成及拉破坏特性试验研究

水硬性石灰在欧洲石质文物修复和加固中获得了很大成功。我国的石质文物主要是砂岩,水硬性石灰的修复效果不好。为满足我国石质文物修复和加固的需求,本文以石灰石和黏土为原料,在950℃煅烧不同时间,制备出水硬性石,对试样的成分、微观形貌、收缩率、抗拉强度和拉破坏过程等进行了研究。结果表明:(1)试样中含有水硬性成分2CaO·SiO2(C2S);煅烧8h时,成分与欧洲水硬性石灰NHL5接近;1.5CaO·SiO2·xH2O(C-S-H)和CaCO3的含量随龄期的增加逐渐增加。(2)龄期1~3d,收缩率较小;龄期4~6d,收缩率以线性规律增加;7d以后,收缩率趋于稳定。(3)局部变形区随拉应力的增加而变大,邻近局部变形区逐渐合并,形成面积更大的应变局部化带;载荷超过峰值后,产生微裂隙;随载荷进一步增加,微裂隙扩展,贯穿整个试件,发展成宏观裂隙,使试件破坏。(4)抗拉强度随龄期的增加而增加,水硬性石灰中C-S-H、CaCO3等相互交织,构成空间致密体,使试件力学强度提高。合成的水硬性石灰物理力学性能与欧洲水硬性石灰NHL5相近,并且成分均匀、可控,在石质文物修复和加固工程中具有良好应用前景。     

Effectively promoted catalytic activity by adjusting calcination temperature of Ce-Fe-Ox catalyst for NH3-SCR

A series of Ce-Fe-O_x catalysts prepared by the different calcination temperatures (marked as CF-X, where X represented calcination temperature) were used to the selectivity catalytic reduction of NO_x by NH₃. The results explained the relationship between calcination temperature and the sulfate species over Ce-Fe-O_x, and then investigated the surface acidity and catalytic performance. The large amounts of sulfate species were formed over CF-450 and CF-550 while it was decomposed with further the increasing of calcination temperature, which resulted in the loss of surface acidity, causing a decrease in the catalytic activity over Ce-Fe-O_x. Thereby, the CF-450 catalyst showed the best catalytic activity and over 90% NO_x conversion was obtained at 244–450 °C. Besides, the favored pore structure, more Fe³⁺ active species, higher Ce³⁺ concentration and the abundance of chemical adsorbed oxygen species, as well as the surface acid sites, would together contribute to the excellent catalytic activity of CF-450 catalyst.     

焙烧温度对LaSrFeMo0.9Co0.1O6催化剂催化甲烷燃烧性能的影响

采用溶胶凝胶法制备LaSrFeMo0.9Co0.1O6,以催化甲烷燃烧为目标反应,研究不同焙烧温度(600、700、800、900℃)对其催化甲烷燃烧性能的影响.通过XRD、BET、H2-TPR及SEM技术对其结构进行表征.结果表明,在不同的焙烧温度下均可形成完整的双钙钛矿晶型,且焙烧温度不同其催化活性不同,随着焙烧温度的升高其催化活性先升高后逐渐降低.当焙烧温度为800℃,样品比表面积为14 m2/g,起燃温度T10％为428℃,T90％为640℃.     

焙烧温度对K改性Ag-Fe/ZnO-ZrO2催化剂结构和CO加氢合成低碳混合醇醚性能的影响

采用并流共沉淀法在不同焙烧温度下制备K改性Ag-Fe/ZnO-ZrO₂催化剂,考察不同焙烧温度对催化剂CO加氢合成低碳混合醇醚反应性能的影响。通过N₂物理吸附(N₂-adsorption)、X射线衍射(XRD)、氢气程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、一氧化碳程序升温脱附(CO-TPD)等手段对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,250 ℃焙烧的催化剂,由于焙烧温度较低,表面尚未形成足够多的活性位,未能达到最佳的催化性能;300 ℃焙烧的催化剂,其CO转化率最高、醇醚选择性较高,醇醚时空产率达到最大值。随着焙烧温度进一步升高,CO转化率逐渐降低,醇选择性先降低后增大,二甲醚(DME)选择性逐渐增大,醇醚时空产率逐渐降低。催化剂性能主要与其比表面积、还原性能、所含银铁复合物分散度及CO吸脱附性能有关,即比表面积较大、易于被还原、银铁复合物分散度较高以及较多的CO吸脱附活性位,有利于催化剂CO加氢转化。催化剂表面活性位对CO的非解离吸附强度降低,有利于醇醚产物的生成;而对CO的解离吸附强度增强,则不利于烃类产物的生成。     

The Characteristics of Green Calcium Oxide Derived from Aquatic Materials

Thermogravimetric Analysis of three aquatic materials, i.e. cuttlebone, mussel shell and oyster shell, and other physicochemical characteristics were investigated. The highest decomposition rates of aquatic materials under two surrounding gases, i.e. oxygen and nitrogen, exhibited no significant difference for cuttlebone (3.6×10^-5-4.8×10^-5 mg s^-1 mg_initial^-1 at heating rate 5 °C/min and 11.8 ×10^-5 -12.5×10^-5 mg s^-1 mg_initial^-1 at heating rate 15 °C/min) and mussel shell (3.4×10^-5- 5.2×10^-5 mg s^-1 mg_initial^-1 at heating rate 5 °C/min and 11.9×10^-5 – 12.4×10^-5 mg s^-1 mg_initial^-1 at heating rate 15 °C/min), while oyster shell provided the higher decomposition rate under nitrogen surrounding gas (7.6×10^-4 mg s^-1 mg_initial^-1 at heat rate 5 °C/min and 21.53×10^-4 mg s^-1 mg_initial^-1 at heating rate 15 °C/min). This is probably because of the difference in their starting crystalline structures, i.e. aragonite (cuttlebone and mussel shell) and calcite (oyster shell). The cubic calcium oxides were prepared by calcination of three aquatic materials under oxygen and nitrogen surrounding gases at 5 °C/min ramping to 850 °C for 2 hours. All resulting calcium oxides obtained from oxygen atmosphere provided only cubic crystalline phases and the adsorption-desorption isotherms (IUPAC Type III), whereas the calcinations under nitrogen surrounding gas gave a presence of calcium hydroxide crystalline or hydroxyl- contaminate existing with cubic calcium oxide that influences on the strength and the number of carbon dioxide adsorption sites. The specific surface area of all resulting calcium oxides ranged from 0.1 – 1.5 m²/g and the average pore diameter was found in the range of 40-60 nm. The the number of basic sites belonging to CaO derived from Oyster shell or Cuttlebone were improved while firing under oxygen atmosphere. The suitable firing condition is at the low heating rate to develop porous materials.     

Nanoporous polyimide film from poly(ethylene glycol-co-imide) using a one-step heat calcination process

Polyamic acid (PAA) made from 3,3, 4,4-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride and 4,4-diaminodiphenyl ether was synthesized and used as the backbone of nanoporous polyimide. Thermally labile polyethylene glycol (PEG) at 10, 20 or 30 wt% was introduced to the end group of PAA. Self-assembled PAA-b-PEG micelle-like nanoparticles could be formed as a result of amphiphilic characteristics of hydrophobic PAA and hydrophilic PEG. Thermal imidization and degradation of spin-coated amphiphilic PAA-b-PEG film were performed sequentially through one-step heat treatment to obtain polyimide film with nanopores. Pore sizes decreased with increasing amount of PEG block and their dielectric constants decreased from 2.71 ± 0.13 to 2.38 ± 0.11.     

焙烧温度对1,4-丁烯二醇加氢Cu/Raney-Ni催化剂结构和性能影响

在Ni-Al合金粉上浸渍硝酸铜溶液,经不同温度焙烧得到Cu改性Ni-Al合金粉,采用质量分数10%NaOH溶液浸渍上述改性合金粉得Cu/Raney-Ni催化剂。采用EDX、XRD、N_2吸附-脱附、TEM和NH_3-TPD等手段表征了Ni-Al合金粉及相应Raney-Ni催化剂的元素含量、晶体结构、孔结构特征、表面形貌和表面酸碱性,并以1,4-丁烯二醇加氢制1,4-丁二醇为探针反应,考察了焙烧温度对Raney-Ni催化剂加氢性能的影响。表征分析表明,焙烧温度500℃所制备的CRT500催化剂比表面积较大,为64.96m~2/g;弱酸中心比例较高,达81.2%。结果表明,焙烧温度升高,BED可实现完全转化,BDO选择性和收率均先升高后降低。其中,CRT500加氢性能较好,BED转化率为100.00%,BDO选择性为61.88%。进一步升高焙烧温度,催化剂RCT550和RCT600的BDO选择性和收率反而降低,这是由于高温下催化剂易发生团聚或烧结。结合催化剂表征可知,CRT500具有较好的加氢性能,这与该催化剂具有合适的Ni/Al物质的量比(3.84)、弱酸中心所占比例较大和活性组分Ni分散性好等因素有较大关联。     

菱镁矿风化石与叶腊石合成堇青石的结构表征

采用菱镁矿风化石、叶腊石、二氧化硅微粉为主要原料,研究分析烧成温度对合成堇青石结晶度、晶粒尺寸、晶相组成和显微结构来确定适宜的合成温度。用X′ Pert plus软件对X射线衍射图进行拟合,分析试样的结晶度,用半定量(semi-quantification)法对试样结晶相中晶相组成进行计算,用Scherrer公式计算试样中堇青石、方石英晶粒的粒径大小。结果表明：采用菱镁矿风化石与叶腊石为原料合成堇青石,当温度由1 350 ℃增加到1 400 ℃,试样的结晶度增加,堇青石晶粒尺寸和堇青石相量增加,在1 400 ℃时,试样结晶度最高,晶粒尺寸最大。晶相组成中堇青石相占67%,方石英相占33%。当温度大于1 400 ℃,试样结晶度降低,堇青石和方石英晶粒尺寸减小,当温度在1 500 ℃时,堇青石相消失,促进了方石英相析出。采用菱镁矿风化石与叶腊石为原料合成堇青石的最佳烧成温度为1 400 ℃。     

锂离子电池负极CaSnO3制备及性能

应用水热法合成前驱物CaSn（OH）6,经高温煅烧而得CaSnO3.XRD、SEM、DSC-TGA表征其物相、表面形貌和相变过程,调节溶剂水和乙醇比例,可有效地控制前驱物的形态,从立方块到内凹立方块乃至枝状结构变化,高温煅烧前驱体可得到CaSnO3样品.CaSnO3电极比容量为334.4 mAh/g,呈现出优良的循环寿...     

焙烧温度对铁基催化剂催化浆态床F-T合成反应性能的影响

 采用连续共沉淀与喷雾干燥成型技术相结合的方法制备了微球形Fe-Cu-K-SiO2催化剂,并考察了焙烧温度对催化剂的结构和织构性质的影响. 结果表明,催化剂具有较好的织构和结构热稳定性,粘结剂SiO2起到了分散和稳定α-Fe2O3晶相的作用. 随着焙烧温度的升高,催化剂的比表面积逐渐减小,α-Fe2O3晶粒逐渐增大,催化剂体相中的Cu和K原子向表面富集,且Cu向表面的迁移更明显; 同时,催化剂中的α-Fe2O3和CuO相发生了一定程度的离析,Cu的助剂作用减弱,使催化剂在合成气气氛下难于还原碳化. 催化剂在n(H2)/n(CO)=0.67,GHSV=2.0 L/(g·h),p=1.5 MPa和θ=250 ℃下的浆态床F-T合成反应评价结果表明,升高焙烧温度,催化剂的初活性和最高活性下降,但运行稳定性提高,而且有效地抑制了CH4的生成,明显促进了烃产物向高碳数方向移动. 反应600 h后卸载下的催化剂的形貌观测表明,催化剂的磨损主要是由化学磨损引起的,提高焙烧温度可明显改善其抗磨损性能,焙烧温度高于400 ℃时,催化剂具有较好的抗磨损性能.