Transient heating effects in high pressure Diesel injector nozzles

The tendency of today’s fuel injection systems to reach injection pressures up to 3000 bar in order to meet forthcoming emission regulations may significantly increase liquid temperatures due to friction heating; this paper identifies numerically the importance of fuel pressurization, phase-change due to cavitation, wall heat transfer and needle valve motion on the fluid heating induced in high pressure Diesel fuel injectors. These parameters affect the nozzle discharge coefficient (C_d), fuel exit temperature, cavitation volume fraction and temperature distribution within the nozzle. Variable fuel properties, being a function of the local pressure and temperature are found necessary in order to simulate accurately the effects of depressurization and heating induced by friction forces. Comparison of CFD predictions against a 0-D thermodynamic model, indicates that although the mean exit temperature increase relative to the initial fuel temperature is proportional to (1 − C_d²) at fixed needle positions, it can significantly deviate from this value when the motion of the needle valve, controlling the opening and closing of the injection process, is taken into consideration. Increasing the inlet pressure from 2000 bar, which is the pressure utilized in today’s fuel systems to 3000 bar, results to significantly increased fluid temperatures above the boiling point of the Diesel fuel components and therefore regions of potential heterogeneous fuel boiling are identified.     

Ultrasonics as a tool for development of pine-needle extract loaded bee wax edible packaging for value addition of Himalayan cheese

In the present study, Himalayan cheese, kradi was coated with beeswax loaded with pine needle extract (PNE) to increase its shelf life and nutraceutical potential. PNE was extracted via ultrasonication and incorporated into beeswax at concentrations, 2:1, 1:1, and 2:3 (grams of beeswax to mL of PNE). The dispersion of PNE in the coatings was carried out using an ultrasonic probe at a frequency of 20 kHz for 15 min and at power rating of 500 W. The coatings were characterised using scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy. DLS revealed a hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential of 12.11 ± 0.41 µm and −19.32 ± 0.61 mV for coating loaded with highest concentration of PNE. The bioactivities of the coating including antioxidant, antidiabetic and antibacterial assays revealed significantly higher values with the increase in PNE concentration. Shelf life and sensory evaluation study including microbiological and sensory analysis revealed inhibition of mould growth and good score of texture and appearance with the increase in concentration of PNE. The study provides a future perspective for application of beeswax loaded PNE coatings in cheese industry.     

基于压电振荡原理的微阵列点样系统的研制

针对基于电磁微阀原理的非接触点样方式存在操作过程复杂、点样量偏大,以及压电喷墨原理的非接触点样方式存在点样针不易清洗、造价昂贵等不足,研制了一种基于压电振荡原理的新型非接触点样装置,实现了微量液体点样.在本装置中,毛细管点样针与压电驱动装置为两个独立单元,可以单独对毛细管点样针进行更换和清洗.采用激光拉制法制备的玻璃毛细管点样针具有内径可调、成本低等优点.此点样方式通过改变压电陶瓷的振幅和频率,可在10Symbolm@@_10～10Symbolm@@_9 L之间调控点样体积.以此为基础,结合三维精密位移控制技术,研制了一种基于压电振荡原理的微阵列生物芯片点样系统.对点样系统的点样体积、点样密度、点样精度等参数进行了测试,结果表明,此点样系统的最小点样体积可达320 pL,点样密度可达4000 点/cm2,并能够实现界面图案化制备.     

对数凸型滚针凸度量设计的新方法

本文利用三维有限长弹性接触问题的数值解法分析了实体套圈滚针轴承中的越程槽结构因素对对数凸型滚针接触压力分布的影响。结果表明,套圈上的越程槽宽度是确定滚针最佳凸度量时应考虑的一个重要因素。据此给出了对数凸型滚针凸度量设计的新方法。该方法可用于各种结构形式滚针轴承的滚针凸度量设计。     

磁探针速度传感器研究

应用Hopkinson杆装置,对磁探针速度计进行了实验测定。发现对待测自由面速度阶跃,磁探针有两种类型稳定的输出信号,分别对应于不同的速度范围。对某个特定磁探针来说,其初始信号峰值与速度成正比的条件是速度大于某个阈值。实验还测定了间距大小对磁探针输出信号的影响,给出了磁探针对阶跃实验的响应波形。基于实验条件,本文探讨了磁探针原理、测量电路特性以及靶板涡流的穿透深度等理论问题,得到的结果可以定性解释磁探针的两种特征信号以及它们间的转化机理。本文工作表明,磁探针可以用来定量测量自由面速度的初始阶跃幅度,准确测定全时域的速度阶跃时刻,但不足以确定整个速度历史。为使这种传感器更加成熟,其结构和线路有待改进。     

Mechanical effects of acupuncture

Acupuncture, a physiotherapy, has been widely accepted all around the world. This study focuses on the influence of membrane structures and explains the acupuncture sensations from the aspect of mechanical properties. By mathematical modeling and numerical simulation, the scientific meaning of the acupuncture depth is investigated and phenomena and theory of acupuncture are discussed. The simulation results show that (a) the fascial structure is the main contributor to the force on the needle, the axial force will gradually increase before piercing the fascial, and suddenly decrease after piercing the fascial; (b) there is an inverse relationship between the needle radius and the maximum radial stress, which indicates that the needle should not be too sharp to cause local stress concentration and piece the fascia layer; and (c) the simulation results of comprehensively considering the static friction and sliding friction is identical with the experiment results. This study proposes a preliminary study of mechanical effects of acupuncture manipulation, clarifies key factors affecting the stress on the needle, and explains the objective requirement of acupuncture depth to effective treatment.     

大气压等离子体针产生空气均匀放电特性研究

大气压空气放电由于脱离了真空装置,易于实现流水线生产,因而在工业上具有广泛的应用. 采用等离子体针装置在空气中产生了稳定的大气压均匀放电. 利用光谱法对等离子体的相关参数进行了空间分辨率测量,并通过光学方法对放电机理进行了研究. 结果表明,等离子体针产生的放电存在电晕放电和等离子体羽放电两种模式. 在稳定的等离子体羽放电模式中,发光分为强光区和弱光区. 弱光区放电的发展速度远大于强光区的发展速度,电子能量和电子密度均是弱光区比强光区大. 对均匀放电的气体温度和振动温度的研究表明,强光区放电遵循汤生击穿机理而弱光区为流光放电. 这些结果对大气压空气放电的工业应用具有重要意义. 关键词： 大气压均匀放电 等离子体针 发射光谱 放电机理     

针阱微萃取技术的研究与应用进展

随着检测需求的提高与分析技术的发展,简单、自动化、环保与小型化的微型样品前处理技术越来越受到关注。针阱微萃取(NTME)是在固相微萃取(SPME)技术的理论基础上发展起来的一种新型微型萃取技术,其萃取装置将吸附剂填充到不锈钢针内制得,可避免固相微萃取纤维易碎及涂层脱落的问题,而且通过动态萃取,可使目标物被彻底萃取,具有更好的耐用性和富集能力。近年NTME结合气相色谱法在挥发性和半挥发性有机污染物分析中获得广泛应用,已有诸多关于NTME的研究被报道。吸附剂是影响NTME萃取性能的核心,本文简要概述了近年NTME的吸附剂种类,并综述了其在环境、食品、生物领域的应用进展。     

大气条件等离子体针处理Enterococcus faecalis菌

自行研制的等离子体针在大气压下通过介质阻挡放电产生的等离子体，再由喷嘴处安装的漏斗形装置聚焦形成针状等离子体. 然后对针状等离子体的基本特性和杀Enterococcus faecalis（E. faecalis）菌进行了研究，E. faecalis菌是一种引起完善充填根管再感染的主要微生物. 当等离子体针功率为5—28?W时，对等离子体的温度进行了测量，表明它不同于其他热杀菌方式. 通过改变等离子体针内电极末端注入的氧气量，发现适当的氧气量，不仅增加等离子体内含氧粒子的浓度而且对等离子体的长度影响也不明显. 实验表明最佳参数为功率15?W，0.1?m³·h^-1氦和2.5%氧气，间距12?mm，处理时间30 s. 为了找出杀菌的关键粒子，进一步比较了大气压下的等离子体针的发射光谱与agar（琼脂）2?mm下的光谱并找出关键粒子. 关键词： 大气压等离子体 介质阻挡放电 E. faecalis菌')" href="#">E. faecalis菌 光谱     

On optics of human meridians

A new concept and its methodology for studying human meridians are presented based on rigorous and scientific observation on the objective existence of human meridians in view of biomedical optics. According to this methodology, the infrared radiant characteristics of acupuncture meridians over human body and the optical transport properties of light propagating along the meridian are reported. This study, thus, confirms the existence of acupuncture meridians, sheds new light on an approach to investigation of human meridians and offers a new perspective in understanding the potential meridian functions such as energy and information transfer and physiological regulation. Supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2006CB504505), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 60578056 and 30572309), the Science Research Foundation of Ministry of Health & United Fujian Provincial Health and Education Project for Tackling the Key Research of China (Grant No. WKJ2005-2-004), the Young Scientists and Technicians Innovation Project of Fujian Province (Grant No. 2007F3026), and the Fund from Fujian Normal University (Grant No. 2008100218)