首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
文章检索
  按 检索   检索词:      
出版年份:   被引次数:   他引次数: 提示:输入*表示无穷大
  收费全文   433篇
  免费   68篇
  国内免费   132篇
化学   194篇
晶体学   1篇
力学   24篇
综合类   101篇
数学   182篇
物理学   131篇
  2024年   2篇
  2023年   10篇
  2022年   2篇
  2021年   12篇
  2020年   17篇
  2019年   12篇
  2018年   6篇
  2017年   17篇
  2016年   12篇
  2015年   11篇
  2014年   31篇
  2013年   23篇
  2012年   20篇
  2011年   24篇
  2010年   29篇
  2009年   28篇
  2008年   35篇
  2007年   36篇
  2006年   24篇
  2005年   23篇
  2004年   33篇
  2003年   27篇
  2002年   27篇
  2001年   35篇
  2000年   29篇
  1999年   10篇
  1998年   17篇
  1997年   18篇
  1996年   12篇
  1995年   9篇
  1994年   7篇
  1993年   5篇
  1992年   6篇
  1991年   9篇
  1990年   6篇
  1989年   4篇
  1988年   2篇
  1987年   2篇
  1959年   1篇
排序方式: 共有633条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
零剪切应力分割线法和分割线表观剪切应力法是计算河底和河岸水流剪切应力的两种常用方法.为简化分割线表观剪切应力经验表达式,提出了“动量传输 平衡偏离”(momentum transfer equilibrium deviation,MTED)假设,认为表观剪切应力可由分割线一侧单位时间动量传输与其平衡值的差值来表示.为了确定平衡值,提出了标准断面的概念,所有矩形或者梯形断面都有对应的标准断面.基于MTED假设和标准断面的概念,建立了分割线表观剪切力以及河底和河岸剪切力占总剪切力比重的计算表达式.利用不同实验的200多个数据对不同的计算方法进行了对比分析,结果表明:该文的方法有效改善了计算精度,适用范围广,适用于矩形和梯形断面,以及河岸与河底糙率相同或不同的情况.  相似文献   
2.
本文以车间搬运机器人为研究对象,在考虑时间窗的前提下,求解机器人进行物料配送和成品回收场景下的路径优化问题。提出一种强化学习遗传蚁群算法,首先利用扫描法求解初始搬运机器人的数量,并将子路径节点的几何中心设置为虚拟节点,利用嵌入遗传算子的蚁群算法求解连接虚拟节点的最优路径,再利用强化学习算法求解子路径的最优结果;最后将基本成本、运输成本和时间惩罚成本的加权和作为目标解,并最终求出满足约束条件的最优解。通过与基准问题求解结果对比,验证了强化学习遗传蚁群算法的优越性。  相似文献   
3.
2017年南昌市滨江公园赣江江滩发现大面积钉螺滋生,此为市区内首次。为追溯该种群的输入来源,本研究根据湖北钉螺采样点的地理分布进行分组,测定湖北钉螺线粒体12S rRNA、16S rRNA及CO1基因,并结合GenBank数据库中已上传序列,统计分析遗传分化系数(Fst)、基因流(Nm)等群体遗传学参数,构建单倍型网络图。基于CO1基因及12S rRNA、16S rRNA、CO1三者联合基因的结果表明来自滨江公园的湖北钉螺种群与来自武汉的湖北钉螺种群遗传背景相似;但和12S rRNA、16S rRNA基因单独分析的结果存在差异可能由于其组内样本量较少导致。各基因构建的单倍型网络图均显示:湖北钉螺滨江公园种群与武汉种群的单倍型间有直接演化关系。本研究从分子种群遗传学层面初步证实了"南昌市滨江公园输入性湖北钉螺群体可能由移栽自武汉市黄陂区的景观芦苇携带而来"的流行病学调查结果,同时表明线粒体CO1基因能够提供较丰富的信息以追溯湖北钉螺未知群体的来源。  相似文献   
4.
5.
大花无柱兰是一种珍稀兰科植物,具有一定的观赏和药用价值,但数量十分稀少,该物种亟待保护。本研究采用SRAP分子标记技术,对10个居群的115份DNA样品进行PCR扩增,并开展遗传多样性分析。从81对引物中筛选出9个条带清晰、多态性好、重复性高的引物组合,共扩增得到305条谱带。在物种水平上,多态性比率(PPB)为100%,Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)为0.209 8,Shannon’s指数(I)为0.340 2;在居群水平上,PPB为24.59%~52.13%,H为0.079 6~0.165 5,I为0.120 9~0.252 3。居群水平上,基因分化度(Gst)为0.520 9,基因流(Nm)为0.459 9,遗传距离为0.091 9~0.198 4。UPGMA聚类结果表明,10个居群可分为3大类,地理距离相近的居群优先聚集。大花无柱兰的遗传多样性较为丰富,居群间存在一定的遗传分化和基因交流,可采用就地保护和人工栽培等方式加以保护。  相似文献   
6.
A new cyclic byproduct was formed during hexahydro-1, 3, 5-trinitro-1, 3, 5-triazine (RDX) preparation by direct nitration. Silicone column chromatography with acetone and dichloromethane in various ratios as the eluent was used to separate 3, 5-dinitro-1-oxygen-3, 5-diazacyclohexane from the product mixture. A single crystal of 3, 5-dinitro-1-oxygen-3, 5-diazacyclohexane was grown from acetone, and characterized using elemental analysis, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry (MS). Its structure was determined using an X-ray single-crystal diffractometer. The results indicate that the crystal molecular weight is 178.12. It belongs to the monoclinic system with the space group P121/n1, a = 0.58128(13) nm, b = 1.72389(14) nm, c = 0.71072(6) nm, β = 112.056°, V = 0.66006(16) nm3, Z = 4, DC= 1.792 g·cm-3, μ = 0.17 mm-1, and F(000) = 368.0; the final deviation factor R is 0.0397. Differential scanning calorimetrythermogravimetry (DSC-TG) was used to investigate the thermal behavior of the title compound. Sharp peaks were observed at 383.15 K (melting) and 519.05 K (decomposition). The kinetic parameters were obtained using the Kissinger and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa methods and the TG data at different heating rates. The Coats-Redfern method was used to study the thermal decomposition mechanism of 3, 5-dinitro-1-oxygen-3, 5-diazacyclohexane. The results show that the title compound is a low-melting-point compound with good stability; its apparent activation energy and pre-exponential factor, calculated using the Kissinger equation, are 212.32 kJ·mol-1 and 6.20×1020 s-1, respectively. The apparent activation energy, calculated using the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa equation, is 210.39 kJ·mol-1. G(α) = (1-α)-1-1 (n = 2) obtained using Coats-Redfern method is regarded as the most appropriate thermal decomposition kinetic equation.  相似文献   
7.
Optogenetics is a neuromodulation technology that combines light control technology with genetic technology, thus allowing the selective activation and inhibition of the electrical activity in specific types of neurons with millisecond time resolution. Over the past several years, optogenetics has become a powerful tool for understanding the organization and functions of neural circuits, and it holds great promise to treat neurological disorders. To date, the excitation wavelengths of commonly employed opsins in optogenetics are located in the visible spectrum. This poses a serious limitation for neural activity regulation because the intense absorption and scattering of visible light by tissues lead to the loss of excitation light energy and also cause tissue heating. To regulate the activity of neurons in deep brain regions, it is necessary to implant optical fibers or optoelectronic devices into target brain areas, which however can induce severe tissue damage. Non- or minimally-invasive remote control technologies that can manipulate neural activity have been highly desirable in neuroscience research. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) can emit light with a short wavelength and high frequency upon excitation by light with a long wavelength and low frequency. Therefore, UCNPs can convert low-frequency near-infrared (NIR) light into high-frequency visible light for the activation of light-sensitive proteins, thus indirectly realizing the NIR optogenetic system. Because NIR light has a large tissue penetration depth, UCNP-mediated optogenetics has attracted significant interest for deep-tissue neuromodulation. However, in UCNP-mediated in vivo optogenetic experiments, as the up-conversion efficiency of UCNPs is low, it is generally necessary to apply high-power NIR light to obtain up-converted fluorescence with energy high enough to activate a photosensitive protein. High-power NIR light can cause thermal damage to tissues, which seriously restricts the applications of UCNPs in optogenetic technology. Therefore, the exploration of strategies to increase the up-conversion efficiency, fluorescence intensity, and biocompatibility of UCNPs is of great significance to their wide applications in optogenetic systems. This review summarizes recent developments and challenges in UCNP-mediated optogenetics for deep-brain neuromodulation. We firstly discuss the correspondence between the parameters of UCNPs and employed opsins in optogenetic experiments, which mainly include excitation wavelengths, emission wavelengths, and luminescent lifetimes. Thereafter, we introduce the methods to enhance the conversion efficiency of UCNPs, including optimizing the structure of UCNPs and modifying the organic dyes in UCNPs. In addition, we also discuss the future opportunities in combining UCNP-mediated optogenetics with flexible microelectrode technology for the long-term detection and regulation of neural activity in the case of minimal injury.  相似文献   
8.
光催化解离H2O合成H2是绿色可再生的太阳能光子能量转换策略之一.目前,增强光催化材料对太阳能光子的捕获并将之有效利用仍然是一个具有挑战性的课题.光催化解离H2O反应包括三个过程:太阳能光子能量促使光生电子在半导体材料带隙中的跃迁;光生电子定向传输;光生电子与吸附在半导体材料表面的H2O分子发生反应.第一过程需要强的太阳光子捕获能力以产生足够的光生载流子;第二、三过程在动力学上反映了光生载流子在各个竞争过程中能否有效利用的问题,如光生电子迁移与H2O作用的速度很慢(~μs),而电子与空穴的复合速度快(~ps).目前研究者很难协调半导体材料的电学和光学特性以满足光生载流子在热力学和动力学两方面的要求.g-C3N4是由C、N原子通过sp2杂化组成的二维π共轭体系.当g-C3N4结构偏离二维平面时,共轭体系的π电子由凹面迁移到凸面,促使凹、凸面形成表观电势差,有利于电子的定向传输.本文通过卷曲sp2杂化离域均三嗪体系偏离二维平面,得到空心凹面g-C3N4结构,便捷地优化了半导体的电子结构.将CuInS2嵌入生长于空心g-C3N4的凹面,所构成的半导体光催化材料CuInS2@C3N4展现了增强的光捕获能力,以及电子定向传输转移能力.结合XPS、光电流测试、电化学阻抗谱、稳态及瞬态荧光等表征手段揭示空心g-C3N4凹、凸面表观电势差驱动光生电子以S-型光催化作用机制从CuInS2的Cu 2p向g-C3N4的N 1s的路径转移.因而,所构建的CuInS2@C3N4在可见光激发下产氢效率提高到373μmol·h^?1·g^?1,其产氢效率分别是二维平面g-C3N4负载1 wt%Pt和3 wt%Pd效率的1.57倍和1.35倍,表明空心g-C3N4凹、凸面电势差可以显著地促进光生电子分离和利用率,从而提高光催化解离水制氢效率.本文可增强g-C3N4的可持续太阳能转换性能,也适用于其他半导体材料以替代贵金属光催化体系,降低光催化产氢技术成本,促进光催化技术的应用.  相似文献   
9.
This paper presents the influence of graphene on the vulcanization kinetics of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) with dicumyl peroxide. A curemeter and a differential scanning calorimeter were used to investigate the cure kinetics, from which the kinetic parameters and apparent activation energy were obtained. It turns out that with increasing graphene loading, the induction period of the vulcanization process of SBR is remarkably reduced at low graphene loading and then levels off; on the other hand, the optimum cure time shows a monotonous decrease. As a result, the vulcanization rate is suppressed at first and then accelerated, and the corresponding activation energy increases slightly at first and then decreases. Upon adding graphene, the crosslinking density of the nanocomposites increases, because graphene takes part in the vulcanization process.  相似文献   
10.
Crystallization kinetics of magnetron-sputtered amorphous TiAl ahoy thin films is investigated by differential scanning calorimetry through isothermal analysis and non-isotherm analysis. In non-isothermai analysis, the Kissinger method and the Ozawa method are used to calculate the apparent activation energy and local activation energy, respectively, in the crystallization processes of amorphous TiA1 thin films. Furthermore, the crystallization mechanism is discussed from the investigation of the A vrami exponent by isothermal analysis. In addition, x-ray diffraction is utilized to reveal the grain orientation and evolution during the crystallization of TiA1 thin fihns.  相似文献   
设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号