天然冬虫夏草不同组分对小鼠肠道损伤修复的作用机制

采用乙醇和水从天然冬虫夏草里提取出6种不同组分,通过建立环磷酰胺诱导的小鼠肠道损伤模型,评价包括原料在内的7种组分对小鼠肠道损伤修复的作用机制。结果显示,各组分均能提高胸腺指数,减缓脾脏肿大,且能提高小肠紧密连接蛋白(Claudin-1、Occludin、ZO-1)表达,增加IgA分泌细胞数量、sIgA含量、Th17和Treg相关细胞因子(IL-17和TGF-β3)含量及转录因子(RORγt和Foxp3)的表达,实验结果表明天然冬虫夏草能够通过修复紧密连接和调节Th17/Treg平衡来修复环磷酰胺诱导的肠道损伤,为更好利用冬虫夏草提供了理论基础。     

石墨烯负载的氧配位钴单原子稳定金属锂负极

Lithium (Li)-based batteries are the dominant energy source for consumer electronics, grid storage, and electrified transportation. However, the development of batteries based on graphite anodes is hindered by their limited energy density. With its ultrahigh theoretical capacity (3860 mAh∙g⁻¹), low redox potential (−3.04 V), and satisfactorily low density (0.54 g∙cm⁻³), Li metal is the most promising anode for next-generation high-energy-density batteries. Unfortunately, the limited cycling life and safety issues raised by dendrite growth, unstable solid electrolyte interphase, and "dead Li" have inhibited their practical use. An effective strategy is to develop a suitable lithiophilic matrix for regulating initial Li nucleation behavior and controlling subsequent Li growth. Herein, single-atom cobalt coordinated to oxygen sites on graphene (Co-O-G SA) is demonstrated as a Li plating substrate to efficiently regulate Li metal nucleation and growth. Owing to its dense and more uniform lithiophilic sites than single-atom cobalt coordinated to nitrogen sites on graphene (Co-N-G SA), high electronic conductivity, and high specific surface area (519 m²∙g⁻¹), Co-O-G SA could significantly reduce the local current density and promote the reversibility of Li plating and stripping. As a result, the Co-O-G SA based Li anodes exhibited a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.9% at a current density of 1 mA∙cm⁻² with a capacity of 1 mAh∙cm⁻², and excellent rate capability (high current density of 8 mA∙cm⁻²). Even at a high plating capacity of 6 mAh∙cm⁻², the Co-O-G SA electrode could stably cycle for an ultralong lifespan of 1300 h. In the symmetric battery, the Co-O-G SA based Li anode (Co-O-G SA/Li) possessed a stable voltage profile of 18 mV for 780 h at 1 mA∙cm⁻², and even at a high current density of 3 mA∙cm⁻², its overpotential maintained a small hysteresis of approximately 24 mV for > 550 h. Density functional theory calculations showed that the surface of Co-O-G SA had a stronger interaction with Li atoms with a larger binding energy, −3.1 eV, than that of Co-N-G SA (−2.5 eV), leading to a uniform distribution of metallic Li on the Co-O-G SA surface. More importantly, when matched with a sulfur cathode, the resulting Co-O-G SA/lithium sulfur full batteries exhibited a high capacity of 1002 mAh∙g⁻¹, improved kinetics with a small polarization of 191 mV, and an ultralow capacity decay rate of 0.036% per cycle for 1000 cycles at 0.5C (1C = 1675 mA∙g⁻¹) with a steady Coulombic efficiency of nearly 100%. Therefore, this work provides novel insights into the coordination environment of single atoms for the chemistry of Li metal anodes for high-energy-density batteries.     

SiO2负载Au-Pd双金属纳米颗粒催化甲醇选择性氧化合成甲酸甲酯

甲醇选择氧化制备甲酸甲酯（MF）是延伸甲醇产业链、开发高附加值下游产品的有效途径之一，负载型Au及Pd催化剂在这一反应中表现出优异的低温催化性能。为探索实用、高效和易再生的甲醇选择氧化催化剂，同时揭示双金属颗粒中Au和Pd的协同效应及甲醇氧化反应机理，本研究制备了一系列二氧化硅负载的Au-Pd催化剂（Au-Pd/SiO₂），详细研究了其对甲醇选择氧化制甲酸甲酯的催化性能。结果表明，Au和Pd总负载量为0.6%、且Au/Pd质量比为2时，所制备的Au₂-Pd₁/SiO₂催化剂表现出优异的甲醇氧化催化性能；在130℃下，甲醇转化率达到57.0%，MF选择性为72.7%。多种表征结果显示，Au-Pd双金属纳米颗粒粒径为2-4 nm，高度分散于SiO₂载体表面，倾向于生成孪晶结构并暴露（111）晶面，这些因素是Au-Pd/SiO₂具有优异催化性能的主要原因。通过DRIFTS表征研究，提出了一个可能的MF生成机理：即甲醇首先与处于Au-Pd纳米粒子界面的表面氧作用，生成化学吸附的甲氧基；随后，甲氧基经去质子作用生成吸附的甲醛物种，后者与相邻的甲氧基物种亲核反应，并经β-H消除后得到目标产物MF。     

脂质体@Ag/Au中空纳米壳层材料的制备及与H2O2的作用

以脂质体作为模板, 通过化学还原法制备了脂质体@Ag/Au 中空纳米材料, 并研究了其与过氧化氢(H₂O₂)的作用. 利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、 紫外-可见(UV-Vis)吸收光谱和表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)对纳米材料进行了表征. 在过氧化氢和纳米材料存在的情况下, 加入3,3 ',5,5'-四甲基联苯胺(TMB)作为显色液, 无色的TMB被氧化成蓝色的氧化TMB(oxTMB), 可以检测到反应后oxTMB在652 nm处的特征吸收强度及其拉曼光谱的变化. 实验结果表明, 当过氧化氢浓度在15100 μmol/L 范围内, oxTMB的特征吸收强度与其浓度呈线性关系, 可实现对过氧化氢的微量检测, 检测限为0.5 μmol/L.     

改性纳米金富集-毛细管电泳电化学发光法测定水产品中4种氟喹诺酮类药物残留

建立了一种利用改性纳米金粒子富集与毛细管电泳-电化学发光(CE-ECL)法测定水产品中4种氟喹诺酮(环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星)类药物残留的分析方法。实验考察了富集条件与CE分离条件,并基于增强Ru(bpy)23+电化学发光的原理,优化了ECL检测条件。结果表明,在最优条件下,经改性金纳米粒子富集后的4种分析物在0. 05～10. 0μmol/L浓度范围内,其峰高与浓度呈现良好的线性关系,检出限(S/N=3)可达0. 2μmol/L,4种目标物的富集倍数达104～127倍。该方法用于鳗鱼样品的分析,回收率为94. 5%～112%,相对标准偏差(RSD)均不大于6. 3%。     

双分子反应中的范德华作用

本文综述了近年来双分子反应中范德华作用的理论和实验研究进展.对于直接的活化反应和形成络合物的反应中范德华力对动力学的显著影响深化了人们的认识的研究工作进行了回顾,并进一步讨论了涉及更多原子的反应以及在低温和超低温条件下的反应.无论是对于从头算还是势能面拟合而言,准确描述势能面的范德华区域的结构以及长程势仍是当前挑战性的工作.此外,本文还对最近提出的"范德华鞍"的概念作了阐明,该概念可能具有一般的意义.