Effect of cavitation bubble on the dispersion of magnetorheological polishing fluid under ultrasonic preparation

In the ultrasonic dispersion process, the ultrasonic cavitation effect can seriously affect the dispersion efficiency of magnetorheological polishing fluid (MRPF), but the mechanism remains unclear now. Through considering the continuity equation and Vand viscosity equation of the suspension, a revised cavitation bubble dynamic model in the MRPF was developed and calculated. The effects of presence or absence of solid particles, the volume fraction of solid particles, and viscosity on the cavitation bubble motion characteristics in the MRPF were discussed. Settlement experiments of the MRPF under ultrasonic and mechanical dispersion were observed. Analysis of particle dispersion is made by trinocular biomicroscope and image processing of the microscopic morphology of the MRPF. The results show that the high volume fraction of carbonyl iron particle (CIP) will significantly weaken the cavitation effect, and the low volume fraction of green silicon carbide (GSC) has a negligible effect on the cavitation effect in the MRPF. When the liquid viscosity is greater than or equal to 0.1 Pa·s, it is inconvenient to produce micro-jets in the MRPF. The sedimentation rate of the MRPF prepared by ultrasonic dispersion is lower than mechanical dispersion when the volume fraction of CIP is between 1% and 25%. The dispersion ratio under ultrasonic dispersion is lower than that under mechanical dispersion. The experimental results fit the simulation well. It offers a theoretical basis for exploring the ultrasonic cavitation effect in the industrial application of the MRPF.     

UPLC–ESI–Q-TOF–MS/MS analysis of anticancer fractions from Ophiocordyceps xuefengensis and Ophiocordyceps sinensis

Ophiocordyceps xuefengensis (O. xuefengensis), a new species of caterpillar fungus, has been identified as the sister taxon of Ophiocordyceps sinensis (O. sinensis). The aims of the present study are to evaluate the anticancer activity and to qualitatively analyze the potential bioactive chemical constituents of O. xuefengensis and O. sinensis, comparatively. An MTT assay was used to evaluate the in vitro anticancer activities of different fractions from O. xuefengensis and O. sinensis. The results show that ethyl acetate fractions of O. xuefengensis and O. sinensis have significant in vitro anticancer activity. These two bioactive fractions were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization with quadrupole–time of flight tandem mass spectrometry technology. A total of 82 compounds and 101 compounds were identified or tentatively characterized in the bioactive fractions of O. xuefengensis and O. sinensis, respectively. Among these compounds, 68 existed in both O. xuefengensis and O. sinensis. A total of 67 compounds were reported in O. xuefengensis and 8 compounds were reported in caterpillar fungus for the first time. This is the first detailed comparative analysis of the in vitro anticancer activity and chemical ingredients between O. xuefengensis and O. sinensis. The application of this work will provide reliable fundamental pharmacological substances for the use of O. xuefengensis by Yao people.     

微波消解-液相色谱-原子荧光光谱联用(LC-AFS)法测定稻米样品中砷形态

建立了稻米中4种砷元素形态的液相色谱-原子荧光光谱联用法(LC-AFS),样品用0.15mol/L的硝酸溶液微波提取50min,提取液经离心分离后,采用Hamilton PRP-X100色谱柱,45mmol/L KH2PO4-5mmol/L Na2HPO4缓冲液为流动相,砷形态4个组分能够在7min内达到基线分离,且无需调pH。优化了氢化物发生条件,使用了更低浓度的载流和还原剂。方法学实验结果表明,各组分在2~10ng/mL范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.9988~0.9998,各组分的检出限分别为0.29 ng/mL、0.47 ng/mL、0.62 ng/mL和1.16 ng/mL；各组分峰面积的相对标准偏差均低于3.11%；加标回收率为85.3%～112.8%；对稻米标准物质的分析测定结果表明该方法定值准确。最后,与GB 5009.11-2014中使用的提取及测量条件进行对比,表明该方具备法快速、环保、高效的特点。     

粗锌中镉的测定方法研究

样品用硝酸-盐酸分解,采用扣除背景的方式消除高含量的锌对低含量镉测定的影响。优化了镉测定的仪器条件,建立了粗锌中镉含量的测定方法。用于测定粗锌中镉,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)为0.95%～6.3%。按照实验方法对粗锌样品进行加标回收实验,加标回收率为98.0%～102%。与ICP-AES法测定结果基本一致,能满足日常对粗锌中镉含量的测定要求。     

Structure and Mechanical Stability of Epoxy Modified Polyurethane Foam Under Heat and Stress

A series of phenolic epoxy resin (PEP) modified polyurethane foams (PUF) were prepared via an in-situ polymerization, one step process. It was found that the epoxy modified PUF foam exhibited a perforated network structure with larger cell size, higher open cell porosity and enhanced ovality compared with pure PUF. With increasing content of PEP, the tensile strength, elongation at break and low temperature modulus of PUF decreased. A single T_g was observed for PEP modified PUF, indicating that the two component phases of the polyurethane-epoxy were miscible. With increasing PEP content, the T_g of PUF shifted slightly to higher temperature, tan δ_max dropped to lower values, and the retention value of the storage modulus at ?20 and ?10?°C increased. For pure PUF, the cell walls degraded and the structure became disordered after aging under heat and stress, while for PUF/20wt%PEP, the degradation degree was obviously reduced, and an orientation of the cells along the stress direction and a density increase was observed. During aging at 200?°C, the retention of the mechanical properties of PUF/20wt% PEP was much higher than that of pure PUF, and it showed superior stability under heat and stress, attributed to incorporation of the thermally resistant oxazolidone rings and benzene rings in the PU backbones, the highly cross-linked networks of the polyurethane-epoxy systems and the obvious orientation of the cells under stress.     

莫尔-库仑准则下高强度混凝土的临界爆裂蒸汽压力

高强度混凝土高温爆裂概率随含水率的增大而增大，表明蒸汽压力是诱发爆裂的重要因素之一，该压力通过改变有效应力影响了强度。为定量研究蒸汽压力对强度的影响，基于莫尔-库仑准则和有效应力原理，推导了临界爆裂蒸汽压力的求解公式，并从数理角度证明了其严密性，结果表明:(1)公式物理意义明确，并与现有的研究成果和实际工程灾害一致性好；(2)理论分析尚不能完全考虑材料物理特征对爆裂的影响，还需结合模型实验开展极端高温环境下理论模型中相关系数的测定；(3)应结合火灾后建筑物不同部位构件的破坏形态，从受力状态与破坏特征两方面去分析和反馈其中的机理，完善理论分析中的不足。     

基于线性规划的高温超导磁体线圈设计方法

电子真空回旋器件是一种对磁场精度要求较高的微波源装置, 一般采用超导磁体提供磁场环境. 超导磁体的应用中, 磁场分布的实现是超导磁体设计的核心问题. 提供回旋器件磁场的高温超导磁体包含较复杂的磁体绕组, 为了解决此类设计计算问题, 本文提出了一种包含设计区域约束的线性优化方法进行回旋器件高温超导绕组的设计优化, 通过分步的约束和线性优化计算, 可得到同时满足设计要求和绕组可实现的设计磁场电流分布设计. 计算实例的结果给出了一个提供磁场强度1 .3 Tesla, 长度285 mm 的均匀磁场区域, 同时满足多位置的磁场要求, 设计结果与要求一致度较好, 精度满足应用需求. 该计算方法是一种可适用于较复杂磁场要求和超导绕组结构的设计优化方法.     

Damage characteristics and surface description of near-wall materials subjected to ultrasonic cavitation

For the analysis of ultrasonic cavitation erosion on the surface of materials, the ultrasonic cavitation erosion experiments for AlCu4Mg1 and Ti6Al4V were carried out, and the changes of surface topography, surface roughness, and Vickers hardness were explored. Cavitation pits gradually expand and deepen with the increase of experiment time, and Ti6Al4V is more difficult to erode by cavitation than AlCu4Mg1. After experiments, the cavitation damage characteristics such as the single pit, the rainbow ring area, the fisheye pit, and some small pits were observed, which can be considered to be induced by a single micro-jet impact, ablation effect caused by the high temperature, micro-jet impingement with a sharp angle, and multibeam micro-jets coupling impact or negative pressure in the local area produced by micro-jet impact, respectively. The surface roughness and Vickers hardness of the material increase slowly after rapid growth at different points in time as the experiment time increases. With the increase of the ultrasonic amplitude, both of them first increase and then decrease after the ultrasonic amplitude is greater than 10.8 μm. The increases in surface roughness and Vickers hardness tend to decrease as the viscosity coefficient increases. Ultrasonic cavitation can cause submicron surface roughness and increase surface hardness by 20.36%, so it can be used as a surface treatment method.     

Numerical simulation of flow over an airfoil in heavy rain via a two-way coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian approach

Airfoil performance degradation in heavy rain has attracted many aeronautical researchers’ eyes. In this work, a two-way momentum coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian approach is developed to study the aerodynamic performance of a NACA 0012 airfoil in heavy rain environment. Scaling laws are implemented for raindrop particles. A random walk dispersion approach is adopted to simulate raindrop dispersion due to turbulence in the airflow. Raindrop impacts, splashback and formed water film are modeled with the use of a thin liquid film model. The steady-state incompressible air flow field and the raindrop trajectory are calculated alternately through a curvilinear body-fitted grid surrounding the airfoil by incorporating an interphase momentum coupling term. Our simulation results of aerodynamic force coefficients agree well with the experimental results and show significant aerodynamic penalties at low angles of attack for the airfoil in heavy rain. An about 3° rain-induced increase in stall angle of attack is predicted. The loss of boundary momentum by raindrop splashback and the effective roughening of the airfoil surface due to an uneven water film are testified to account for the degradation of airfoil aerodynamic efficiency in heavy rain environment.     

Coherent structures in trailing-edge cooling and the challenge for turbulent heat transfer modelling

The present paper tests the capability of a standard Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) turbulence model for predicting the turbulent heat transfer in a generic trailing-edge situation with a cutback on the pressure side of the blade. The model investigated uses a gradient-diffusion assumption with a scalar turbulent-diffusivity and constant turbulent Prandtl number. High-fidelity Large-Eddy Simulations (LES) were performed for three blowing ratios to provide reliable target data and the mean velocity and eddy viscosity as input for the heat transfer model testing. Reasonably good agreement between the LES and recent experiments was achieved for mean flow and turbulence statistics. The LES yielded coherent structures which were analysed, in particular with respect to their effect on the turbulent heat transfer. For increasing blowing ratio, the LES replicated an also experimentally observed counter-intuitive decrease of the cooling effectiveness caused by the coherent structures becoming stronger. In contrast, the RANS turbulent heat transfer model failed in predicting this behaviour and yielded significantly too high cooling effectiveness. It is shown that the model cannot predict the strong upstream and wall-directed turbulent heat fluxes caused by large coherent structures, which were found to be responsible for the counter-intuitive decrease of the cooling effectiveness.