Global solutions of nonconcave hyperbolic conservation laws with relaxation arising from traffic flow

We establish global solutions of nonconcave hyperbolic equations with relaxation arising from traffic flow. One of the characteristic fields of the system is neither linearly degenerate nor genuinely nonlinear. Furthermore, there is no dissipative mechanism in the relaxation system. Characteristics travel no faster than traffic. The global existence and uniqueness of the solution to the Cauchy problem are established by means of a finite difference approximation. To deal with the nonconcavity, we use a modified argument of Oleinik (Amer. Math. Soc. Translations 26 (1963) 95). It is also shown that the zero relaxation limit of the solutions exists and is the unique entropy solution of the equilibrium equation.     

Role of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, crystal violet and humic acid in the degradation of diclofenac under simulated sunlight irradiation

The photodegradation of diclofenac in the absence/presence of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide,crystal violet and humic acid under simulated sunlight has been studied.Under the study conditions,it is apparent that cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and crystal violet concentrations inhibit effects on the photodegradation of diclofenac.Humic acid has no distinct effect on the photodegradation of diclofenac.Crystal violet has an obvious antagonistic action for humic acid and a similar antagonistic action between cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and crystal violet.Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and humic acid have synergistic effect.An antagonistic action is present between cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide,crystal violet and humic acid.Moreover,a simple linear model which describes the obtained results is shown.     

TiO2 Nanobelts Decorated with In2S3 Nanoparticles as Photocatalysts with Enhanced Full‐Solar‐Spectrum (UV–vis–NIR) Photocatalytic Activity toward the Degradation of Tetracycline

Herein, ultradispersed In₂S₃ nanoparticle (NP)/TiO₂ nanobelt (NB) heterostructures with an intimate interfacial coupling effect are synthesized from the consideration of combining the visible/near‐infrared photoabsorption property of In₂S₃ with the excellent UV photocatalytic property of TiO₂. In this process, the 1D TiO₂ NBs not only perform as the support to form the heterostructure, but are also employed as a dispersant to confine the aggregation of In₂S₃ NPs. As expected, the obtained In₂S₃ NP/TiO₂ NB heterostructure gives rise to a prominently strong optical absorption in the full solar region of 300–1800 nm, and thus displays a desired photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline in full utilization of all solar energy, compared with that of pristine In₂S₃ and TiO₂. Besides, the In₂S₃ NP/TiO₂ NB heterostructure photocatalysts have no selectivity and can effectively degrade other different kinds of organic pollutants, including cationic dyes (methyl blue and rhodamine B) and colorless chemical pollutants (phenol and salicylic acid). The exceptional photocatalytic enhancement is due to the synergistic interactions of heterojunction with the strong interfacial coupling effect, the In₂S₃ extended light absorption, efficient photogenerated e^?/h⁺ pair separation, and fully exposed reactive sites induced by uniform packing of the ultrasmall In₂S₃.     

Nonparametric Estimation of the Measurement Error Model Using Multiple Indicators

This paper considers the nonparametric estimation of the densities of the latent variable and the error term in the standard measurement error model when two or more measurements are available. Using an identification result due to Kotlarski we propose a two-step nonparametric procedure for estimating both densities based on their empirical characteristic functions. We distinguish four cases according to whether the underlying characteristic functions are ordinary smooth or supersmooth. Using the loglog Law and von Mises differentials we show that our nonparametric density estimators are uniformly convergent. We also characterize the rate of uniform convergence in each of the four cases.     

Interpretation of the Galactic gamma-ray excess with the dark matter indicated by ~8Be and ~4He anomalous transitions

The long-standing Galactic center gamma-ray excess could be explained by GeV dark matter(DM) annihilation,but the DM interpretation seems to conflict with recent joint limits from different astronomical scale observations such as dwarf spheroidal galaxies,the Milky Way halo,and galaxy groups/clusters.Motivated by 8 Be and~4 He anomalous transitions with possible new interactions mediated by a vector boson X,we consider a small fraction of DM mainly annihilating into a pair of on-shell vector bosons XX followed by X→ e~+e~-in this paper.The Galactic center gamma-ray excess is explained by this DM cascade annihilation.The gamma rays are mainly from inverse Compton scattering emission,and the DM cascade annihilation could be compatible with joint astrophysical limits and meanwhile be allowed by AMS-02 positron observation.The direct detection of this model is also discussed.     

Functional Polymers. LVII. Electronic Absorption Spectra of Benzotriazole Derivative/Electron Acceptor Systems

The electronic absorption spectra of charge-transfer complexes (CTC) of benzotriazole derivatives including 2(2H-hydroxyphenyl)2H-benzotriazole-containing copolymers with various electron acceptors were investigated. While no charge-transfer interaction was observed with weak acceptors, strong acceptors such as trinitrofluorenone and pyromellitic anhydride exhibited an absorption of the contact charge-transfer type with these donors. When the very strong acceptor tetracyanoethylene was used as acceptor, new peaks of a CTC type appeared at longer wavelengths. From the wavelengths of the absorption maxima and the equilibrium constants of the CTC, the electron-donating ability of several related (2(2-hydroxyphenyl)2H-benzotriazole derivatives was estimated as follows: 2(2-Hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)2H-benzotriazole > 2H-benzotriazole > 2(4-hydroxyphenyl)2H-benzotriazole > 2(2-acetoxy-5-methylphenyl)2H-benzotriazole > copolymers containing 2(2-hydroxyphenyl)2H-benzotriazole groups.     

Critical thresholds in hyperbolic relaxation systems

Critical threshold phenomena in one-dimensional 2×2 quasi-linear hyperbolic relaxation systems are investigated. Assuming both the subcharacteristic condition and genuine nonlinearity of the flux, we prove global in time regularity and finite-time singularity formation of solutions simultaneously by showing the critical threshold phenomena associated with the underlying relaxation systems. Our results apply to the well-known isentropic Euler system with damping. Within the same framework it is also shown that the solution of the semi-linear relaxation system remains smooth for all time, provided the subcharacteristic condition is satisfied.     

Multifractal characteristics of palmprint and its extracted algorithm

The palmprint is one of the most reliable physiological characteristics that can be used to distinguish between individuals. In this paper, we propose a palmprint recognition method based on multifractal spectrum technology using statistical moment approaches. The multifractal spectrum of palmprint is calculated by developing an algorithm for extracting palmprint characteristics. The three parameters proposed as the distinguishing palmprint features include the width spread and maximum of multifractal spectrum, and a parameter which describes the asymmetry of the spectrum curve. The identification process can be divided into the following main steps: (1) capturing palmprint image, extracting and normalizing the subimages; (2) defining a coordinate system and calculating partition function; (3) estimating multifractal spectrum; (4) extracting the three parameters and, finally, (5) the feature matching and palmprint identification. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method.