Photophysical and electronic properties of five PCBM-like C60 derivatives: spectral and quantum chemical view

By means of transient UV-visible absorption spectra/fluorescence spectra, combined with electronic structure calculations, the present work focuses on characterizing the photophysical and electronic properties of five PCBM-like C(60) derivatives (F1, F2, F3, F4, and F5) and understanding how these properties are expected to affect the photovoltaic performance of polymer solar cells (PSCs) with those molecules as acceptors. Spectral data reveal that the fluorescence quantum yields (Φ(F)) are enhanced and the triplet quantum yields (Φ(T)) are lowered for the five PCBM-like C(60) derivatives as compared to those of the pristine C(60), suggesting that functionalization of a C═C double bond perturbs the fullerene's π-system and breaks the I(h) symmetry of pristine C(60), which results in modifications of photophysical properties of the fullerene derivatives. PBEPBE/6-311G(d,p)//PBEPBE/6-31G(d) level of electronic structure calculations yields the HOMO-LUMO gaps and LUMO energies, showing that the electron-withdrawing effect induced by the side chain functional groups perturbs LUMO energies, from which different open circuit voltages V(oc) are resulted. The predicted V(oc) from our calculation agrees with previous experiment results. Basically, we found that functionalization of a C═C double bond sustains the fullerene structure and its electron affinitive properties. Adducted side chains contribute to adjust the HOMO-LUMO gap and LUMO levels of the acceptors to improve open circuit voltage. The results could provide fundamental insights for understanding how structural modifications influence the photovoltaic performance, which paves a way for guiding the synthesis of new fullerene derivatives with improved performance in polymer solar cells.     

Small molecule semiconductors for high-efficiency organic photovoltaics

Organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) are a promising cost-effective alternative to silicon-based solar cells, and possess light-weight, low-cost, and flexibility advantages. Significant progress has been achieved in the development of novel photovoltaic materials and device structures in the last decade. Nowadays small molecular semiconductors for OPVs have attracted considerable attention, due to their advantages over their polymer counterparts, including well-defined molecular structure, definite molecular weight, and high purity without batch to batch variations. The highest power conversion efficiencies of OPVs based on small molecular donor/fullerene acceptors or polymeric donor/fullerene acceptors are up to 6.7% and 8.3%, respectively, and meanwhile nonfullerene acceptors have also exhibited some promising results. In this review we summarize the developments in small molecular donors, acceptors (fullerene derivatives and nonfullerene molecules), and donor-acceptor dyad systems for high-performance multilayer, bulk heterojunction, and single-component OPVs. We focus on correlations of molecular chemical structures with properties, such as absorption, energy levels, charge mobilities, and photovoltaic performances. This structure-property relationship analysis may guide rational structural design and evaluation of photovoltaic materials (253 references).     

脉冲光场作用下啁啾双光子量子特性研究

基于量子理论和非线性光学,研究了脉冲光场作用啁啾准相位匹配非线性晶体的第Ⅱ类自发参变下转换过程中,脉冲宽度和啁啾系数对产生的纠缠双光子特性及Hong-Ou-Mandel(HOM)量子干涉结果的影响。结果表明,啁啾系数一定时,随着脉冲宽度的增加,双光子谱的不可区分性降低,HOM量子干涉可见度下降。当脉冲宽度一定时,随着啁啾系数的增加使双光子谱带宽增加,HOM量子干涉陷落变窄,双光子谱的不可区分性增强,从而提高了相干精度和干涉可见度。理论上得到了超宽带的双光子谱和对应超窄的HOM量子干涉图。     

甲基丙烯酸甲酯-甲基丙烯酸无规共聚物的合成及其在乳液聚合中的应用

通过自由基共聚制备了不同组成的甲基丙烯酸甲酯-甲基丙烯酸无规共聚物,用碱中和后作为大分子乳化剂用于乳液聚合.研究了无规共聚物的组成、用量及反应温度对乳液聚合的影响.结果表明,在相同的反应条件下,乳化剂中聚甲基丙烯酸含量越多,乳液聚合速率越快;同一乳化剂,随乳化剂浓度的增加,乳液聚合速率增加;在乳化剂组成、浓度不变的情况下,反应温度越高,乳液聚合速率越大.     

Low bandgap π‐conjugated copolymers based on fused thiophenes and benzothiadiazole: Synthesis and structure‐property relationship study

A series of low bandgap conjugated polymers consisting of benzothiadiazole alternating with dithienothiophene (DTT) or dithienopyrrole (DTP) unit with or without 3‐alkylthiophene bridge have been synthesized. Effect of the fused rings and 3‐alkylthiophene bridge on the thermal, optical, electrochemical, charge transport, and photovoltaic properties of these polymers have been investigated. These polymers show broad absorption extending from 300 to 1000 nm with optical bandgaps as low as 1.2 eV; the details of which can be varied either by incorporating 3‐alkylthiophene bridge or by replacing DTT with DTP. The LUMO levels (?2.9 to ?3.3 eV) are essentially unaffected by the specific choice of donor moiety, whereas the HOMO levels (?4.6 to ?5.6 eV) are more sensitive to the choice of donor. The DTT and DTP polymers with 3‐alkylthiophene bridge were found to exhibit hole mobilities of 8 × 10^?5 and 3 × 10^?2 cm² V^?1 s^?1, respectively, in top‐contact organic field‐effect transistors. Power conversion efficiencies in the range 0.17–0.43% were obtained under simulated AM 1.5, 100 mW cm^?2 irradiation for polymer solar cells using the DTT and DTP‐based polymers with 3‐alkylthiophene bridge as donor and fullerene derivatives as acceptor. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5498–5508, 2009     

Impact of Alkoxyl Tail of Fullerene Dyad Acceptor on Crystalline Microstructure for Efficient External Treatment-free Polymer Solar Cells with Poly(3-hexylthiophene) as Donor

A series of tri(alkoxyl)benzene-fullerene dyads(PCBB-Cn, n=4, 6, 8, 10, 12) with varied tri(alkoxyl) chain lengths was designed, synthesized and used as acceptor materials in polymer solar cells(PSCs). The five fullerene dyads possess similar absorption spectra in dilute solution, decreased glass-transition temperature(T_g) and gradually elevated lowest unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO) energy levels from -3.87 eV to -3.73 eV with the increase of the alkoxy chain length. In the fabrication of PSCs with poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT) as donor and the fullerene dyads as acceptor, PCBB-Cn with longer tri(alkoxyl) chains and lower T_g can induce crystalline structure of P3HT during spin-coating the photoactive layer at room temperature and form nanoscale phase separated interpenetrating network of P3HT:PCBB-Cn blend films, which results in the improvement of photovoltaic performance of PSCs. A power conversion efficiency of 3.03% for the PSCs based on P3HT:PCBB-C10 was obtained without thermal annealing or solvent annealing. The thermal and solvent annealing-free fabrication using the fullerene dyads as acceptor is very important for the roll to roll production of PSCs with flexible large area.     

Synthesis and characterization of arylenevinylenearylene–naphthalene diimide copolymers as acceptor in all–polymer solar cells

Two n‐type conjugated D‐A copolymers, P(TVT‐NDI) and P(FVF‐NDI) with thienylene‐vinylene‐thienylene (TVT) or furanylene‐vinylene‐furanylene (FVF) as donor (D) units and naphthalene diimide (NDI) as the acceptor (A) units, were synthesized by the Stille coupling copolymerization. The two polymers possess good solubility, high thermal stability, and broad absorption bands with absorption edges at 866 nm for P(TVT‐NDI) and 886 nm for P(FVF‐NDI) . The LUMO energy levels of P(TVT‐NDI) and P(FVF‐NDI) are ?3.80 eV and ?3.76 eV respectively, so the two polymers are suitable for the application as acceptor in blending with most polymer donor in PSCs based on the energy level matching point of view. All polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs) were fabricated with P(TVT‐NDI) or P(FVF‐NDI) as acceptor and medium bandgap polymer J51 as donor for investigating the photovoltaic performance of the two n‐type conjugated polymer acceptors. And higher power conversion efficiency of 6.43% for P(TVT‐NDI) and 5.21% for P(FVF‐NDI) was obtained. The results indicate that arylenevinylenearylene–naphthalene diimide copolymer are promising polymer acceptor for all–PSCs. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017 , 55 , 1757–1764     

PPV衍生物的激发态动力学特性研究

利用共振飞秒光学克尔效应研究了C10－PPV溶液的非线性光学响应。实验结果表明，在共振激发条件下，C10－PPV挑学克尔效应信号表现为快速上升和随后的驰豫过程，其驰豫过程由两部分组成，一个200fs的快过程和一个400ps的慢过程。通过比较C10－PPV和掺杂C60后的C10－PPV荧光光谱，400ps的慢过程可归属为聚合物链内单重态激子在不同共轭段间的迁移过程。     

Effects of Quantum Interference on the Profile of Excitation Spectra in the Atomic Sodium D_1

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