Morphological stability of epitaxial thin elastic films by van der Waals force

Summary  The morphological stability of epitaxial thin elastic films on a substrate by van der Waals force is discussed. It is found that only van der Waals force with negative Hamaker constant tends to stabilize the film, and the lower bound for the Hamaker constant is also obtained for the stability of thin film. The critical value of the undulation wavelength is found to be a function of both film thickness and external stress. The charateristic time-scale for surface mass diffusion scales to the fourth power to the wavelength of the perturbation. Received 4 December 2000; accepted for publication 31 July 2001     

相对湿度对材料表面粘附力影响的研究

利用自制微摩擦及粘附力测试装置考察了在微载荷条件下,相对湿度对Si(100)材料表面粘附力的影响,分析了在大气环境中水分子的毛细作用力和范德华力对粘附力的贡献,并以BET吸附模型为基础推导出考虑湿度影响的粘附力计算公式.结果表明:在微载荷条件下,相对湿度对材料表面的粘附力影响十分显著,随着相对湿度升高粘附力增加,特别是相对湿度RH在40%～80%之间时,粘附力变化最为显著;当相对湿度RH小于20%时,范德华力大于水的毛细作用力且占主导地位;当相对湿度RH大于20%后,水分子的毛细作用力不断增加,同时范德华力因水膜的存在而降低,水的毛细作用力占主导地位.     

范德华力对计算机磁头/磁盘超薄气膜承载性能的影响

在纳米间隙条件下,以楔型滑块和双轨式磁头为例,推导出楔型及双轨式磁头范德华力的计算公式,考察了范德华力对计算机磁头/磁盘超薄气膜承载性能的影响.结果表明,范德华力对计算机磁头/磁盘的承载性能影响很大,范德华力可以降低磁头的承载能力,尤其在最小空气间隙小于6 nm时;在相同尺寸的磁头中,双轨式磁头的范德华力小于楔型滑块的范德华力,而前者的承载力大于后者,双轨式磁头的范德华力对其承载性能影响较小.范德华力可以使飞行高度降低,为磁头设计和磁头/磁盘装配的重要依据.     

Triboelectric spray ionization

Triboelectric spray ionization (TESI) is a variation of electrospray ionization (ESI) using common instrumental components, including gas flow, solvent flow rate and heat, the only difference being the use of a high‐voltage power supply for ESI or a static charge for TESI. The ionization of solvent or analyte is due to the electrostatic potential difference formed between the spray electrode and counter electrode. The ion source contains a pneumatic spray operated over a range of flow rates (0.15–1.5 µl/min) and gas pressures (0–100). This new design contains a standalone spray assembly and an optional metal mesh in front of the spray. There are several parameters that affect the performance during ionization of molecules including the flow rate of solvent, gas pressure, temperature, solvent acidity, distance and potential difference between emitter and counter electrode. A variable electrostatic potential can be applied for higher ionization efficiency. The new ionization method was successfully applied to solutions of various proteins under different conditions. The same charge‐state distributions compared to other ESI techniques are observed for all the protein samples. The unique feature of TESI is very efficient spraying by using a natural electrostatic potential even at the potential that a human body can produce. This provides very gentle ionization efficiency of peptides and proteins in different solvents. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dependence of the distribution constant in liquid–liquid partition equilibria on the van der Waals molecular surface area

The direct calculation of free energy of interactions between a solute j and two immiscible liquids shows a linear dependence between the (logarithm of) the distribution constant in liquid–liquid partition equilibrium log K_j and the van der Waals surface area of the solute. The study provides a thermodynamic proof for the formula log K_BA,j = c₁ log K_BC,j + c₂ that describes the linear dependence between (the logarithm of) the distribution constant for a solute j in a solvent system (B/A) and (the logarithm of) the distribution constant for the same solute in a different solvent system (B/C). This relation has been well proven by various experimental studies and it is frequently used in liquid chromatographic separations as well as in liquid–liquid extractions, but was not explained previously based on thermodynamic results. The theory was verified using the prediction of octanol/water distribution constants log K_ow for a wide range of molecules, including hydrocarbons and compounds with a variety of functional groups. The results have also been verified for the distribution constants in other solvent systems. The expression for the distribution constant obtained in this study also gives a theoretical base for the additive fragment methodology used for the prediction of log K_ow.     

Theoretical Study on the Rotational Spectra of Ar-D232S Complex

We report a theoretical study on the rotational spectra of Ar-D232S. The intermolecular po- tential energy surface was transformed from our latest ab initio three-dimensional potential of Ar-H232S. The rotational energy levels and wavefunctions of the complex were calcu- lated by using the radial discrete variable representation/angular finite basis representation method and the Lanczos algorithm. The calculated rotational transition frequencies and structural parameters were found to be in good agreement with the available experimental values.     

Faster algorithms for computing longest common increasing subsequences

We present algorithms for finding a longest common increasing subsequence of two or more input sequences. For two sequences of lengths n and m, where m?n, we present an algorithm with an output-dependent expected running time of and O(m) space, where ? is the length of an LCIS, σ is the size of the alphabet, and Sort is the time to sort each input sequence. For k?3 length-n sequences we present an algorithm which improves the previous best bound by more than a factor k for many inputs. In both cases, our algorithms are conceptually quite simple but rely on existing sophisticated data structures. Finally, we introduce the problem of longest common weakly-increasing (or non-decreasing) subsequences (LCWIS), for which we present an -time algorithm for the 3-letter alphabet case. For the extensively studied longest common subsequence problem, comparable speedups have not been achieved for small alphabets.     

Effective refractive index and intermolecular forces associated with a phase of functional groups

Cases in which a functional groups form distinct phases are known in material science in general and specifically in polymer and surfactant sciences. To calculate the van der Waals forces associated with such phases there is a need to evaluate the refractive index of those phases. We expand and generalize a method to estimate the refractive index of such ‘functional group phase’ and discuss how to use the refractive indices to calculate the interaction energies associated with such functional group phases and thereby modify the total theoretically calculated van der Waals forces.     

Heavy ion accelerator and associated developments in india

Developments of ion accelerator and associated facilities in India are presented. Various types of accelerator facilities which are systematically built in the country through sustained development and research programs at various research centres and institutions are highlighted. Impact of accelerator in different interdisciplinary fields of research are highlighted.