规则和统计相结合的非汉语母语者声调分析*

汉语普通话教学已经在我国各少数民族地区的教育工作中占据越来越重要的地位,然而从这些地区的相关教育实践来看,汉语普通话正面临着语音素质和教学质量较低的严峻问题。该文采用实验语音学,对比分析、偏误分析的理论及方法,考察并分析了维吾尔族学生习得汉语单字调声调的情况。主要是对初级、中级和高级阶段的50名维吾尔族学生声调的五度值曲线和声调之间相似度与标准普通话者进行对比并分析,得出维吾尔族学生对汉语声调的偏误情况以及MHK成绩的关系。通过实验结果可以发现,三组的维吾尔人学习普通话的声调都有困难。两种语言的音系、语调和重音等特性影响了第二语言中的声调特性。这种声调系统的差异导致了维吾尔族人学习普通话声调产出的困难。通过这项实验揭示了目前维吾尔学生对汉语普通话中声调发音的掌握情况,同时有助于进一步了解维吾尔族普通话学习者汉语声调的偏误。     

基于超光谱成像探测系统的线阵CCD的调制传递函数特性研究

超光谱成像是一种场景图谱合一的技术,在战场侦察中得到了迅速应用,其成像质量的评价问题受到越来越多人的关注。根据调制传递函数对比度定义,建立了超光谱成像探测系统的线阵CCD调制传递函数的数理模型,对输入信号与线阵CCD的空间相对位置对调制传递函数的影响进行了计算和分析。结果表明,在Nyquist分频处,相对位置对调制传递函数的影响较大,且随频率的增大而增大;在其他频率处,相对位置对调制传递函数的影响与偏离百分比|ζ|有关,|ζ|＜0.1%的频域,偏离百分比|ζ|越小,相对位置对调制传递函数的影响越大;|ζ|＞0.1%的频域,相对位置对调制传递函数的影响几乎可以忽略不计。所得结论对超光谱成像系统的调制传递函数测量系统设计具有一定的指导意义。     

Acoustic characterization of a new trisacryl contrast agent. Part I: In vitro study

The objective of the study was to acoustically characterize trisacryl polymeric microparticles (TMP), which are derived from biocompatible embolic agents.With significant acoustic properties, these polymeric particles could be potentially used as targeted ultrasound contrast agents, directed towards a specific site, with ligands conjugation on the polymeric network surface. In the in vitro study, a pulser/receiver (PRF of 1 kHz), associated to different transducers (5, 10 and 15 MHz), was used to measure the acoustic properties of the TMP inserted in a Couette flow device. Acoustic characterization according to TMP concentration (0.12-15.63 mg/ml), frequency (4.5-17 MHz, defined by each transducer bandwidth), ultrasound pressure (137-378 kPa) and exposure time (0-30 min) was conducted. Particle attenuation was also evaluated according to TMP concentration and emission frequency. Backscattering increased non linearly with concentration and maximum enhancement was of 16.4 dB ± 0.89 dB above 7.8 mg/ml. This parameter was found non-linear with increasing applied pressure and no harmonic oscillation could be noticed. Attenuation reached approximately 1.4 dB/cm at 15 MHz and for the 15.6 mg/ml suspension.The TMP have revealed in vitro ultrasound properties comparable to those observed with known contrast agents, studied in similar in vitro systems. However, such set-ups combined with a rather aqueous suspending medium, have some limitations and further investigations need now to be conducted to approach in vivo conditions in terms of flow and blood environment.     

基于Contrast box算法的图像序列有用目标段搜寻方法

提出一种基于Contrast box算法的红外弱小多目标图像序列有用目标段搜寻方法,引用每帧图像的信号量来搜索红外图像序列中含有目标的有用信息段.描述了Contrast box算法和搜索有用目标段处理过程,分析了阈值权值系数和目标所占像元面积选取的不同对图像有用目标段搜索的影响,给出了每幅图像的统计信号量.实验表明,该方法在执行效率和搜索时间上能够取得满意的结果.     

Comparison of T2 and LASER T2dagger image contrast in a rat model of acute cerebral ischemia

Previous studies have shown that T2(dagger)-weighted magnetic resonance images acquired using localization by adiabatic selective refocusing (LASER) can provide early tissue contrast following ischemia, possibly due to alterations in microscopic susceptibility within the tissue. The purpose of this study was to make a direct in vivo comparison of T2-, T2(dagger)- and diffusion-weighted image contrast during acute ischemia. Acute middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion was attempted in 14 rats using a modified Tamura approach incorporating electrocoagulation of the left MCA. T2(dagger)-weighted LASER images (Echo Time [TE]=108 ms), T2-weighted Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) images (TE=110 ms) and diffusion-weighted images (b value=105 s/mm(2)) were acquired at 4 T within 1.5 h of ischemia onset. Tissue contrast in the MCA territory was quantified for histologically verified ischemic tissue (n=6) and in sham controls (n=4). T2(dagger)-weighted LASER images demonstrated greater contrast compared to the T2-weighted CPMG images, and more focal contrast compared to the diffusion-weighted images, suggesting different contrast mechanisms were involved.     

Optimized 3D bright blood MRI of aortic plaque at 3 T

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility of an optimized bright blood MRI protocol at 3 T in combination with contrast agent administration for the detection and characterization of aortic high-risk plaques for the improved workup of acute stroke patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: ECG synchronized T1-weighted 3D gradient echo MRI was performed in 45 acute stroke patients. Data were acquired with high near isotropic spatial resolution (approximately 1 mm(3)) covering the entire thoracic aorta. To compensate for breathing and vessel motion artifacts, images were collected using respiratory navigator gating in combination with short diastolic data acquisition windows adjusted on a patient-by-patient basis. In patients with aortic plaques > or =3 mm in thickness, gadolinium contrast agent was administered and both pre- and post-contrast T1-weighted 3D measurements with identical vessel coverage were performed. RESULTS: Bright blood 3D MRI detected 33 high-risk plaques with an average maximum plaque thickness of 4.2+/-1.0 mm in 23 of 45 acute stroke patients. The availability of pre- and post-contrast images acquired within the same session enhanced the identification of calcified plaque components in 77% of all analyzed plaques: post-contrast MRI clearly improved the delineation of hypointense plaque cores in 23 of 30 cases and assisted in the classification of core shape and of core fraction. CONCLUSION: 3D bright blood MRI at 3 T was feasible for the detection of aortic high-risk sources and may help to improve the detection of causes of cerebral embolism in acute stroke patients.     

Magnetic properties of novel superparamagnetic MRI contrast agents based on colloidal nanocrystals

Novel systems based on colloidal magnetic nanocrystals (NCs), potentially useful as superparamagnetic (SP) contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been investigated. The NCs we have studied comprise organic-capped single-crystalline maghemite (γ-Fe₂O₃) cores possessing controlled sizes and shapes. We have comparatively examined spherical and tetrapod-like NCs, the latter being branched particles possessing four arms which depart out at tetrahedral angles from a central point. The as-synthesized NCs are passivated by hydrophobic surfactant molecules and thus are fully dispersible in nonpolar media only. The NCs have been made soluble in aqueous solution by applying a procedure based on the surface intercalation and coating with an amphiphilic polymer shell. NMR relaxivities R₁ and R₂ were compared with ENDOREM^®, one of the standard commercial SP-MRI contrast agent. We found that the spherical NCs exhibit R₁ and R₂ relaxivities slightly lower than those of ENDOREM^®, over the whole frequency range; on the contrary, tetrapods show relaxivities about one order of magnitude lower. The physical origin of such difference in relaxivities between tetrapod- and spheres-based nanostructures is under investigation and it is possibly related to different sources of the magnetic anisotropy.     

磁共振成像的安全性

对磁共振成像(MRI)的安全性进行了综述,主要涉及五个方面:静磁场、梯度场、射频场、噪声和造影剂.在没有铁磁性外源性物质的条件下,静磁场对人体没有明显的损害,有较高的安全系数.随时间变化的梯度场(dB/dt)可在受试者体内诱导出电场而兴奋神经或肌肉.当梯度上升时间只有数毫秒时,外周神经兴奋是梯度场安全的上限指标.在MRI测定过程中,射频场发射的功率在患者组织内转化成热能,使组织温度升高.MRI运行过程中可产生各种噪声,可能使某些患者的听力受到损伤,使用耳塞仍是削弱噪声最简单和最经济的方法.目前使用的造影剂主要为含钆的化合物,副作用发生率在2%~4%.     

Severe anaphylactoid reaction after IV Gd-DTPA

Serious adverse reactions following the IV administration of Gd-DTPA (Magnevist^®, gadopenetate dimeglumine, Berlex Laboratories, Wayne, NJ), although extremely rare, can occur. As yet, there has been no published case of a severe anaphylactoid-type reaction to Gd-DTPA.     

X射线荧光弱图象的去噪与增强

本文分析了X射线荧光弱图象的特点,以图象直方图分析为指南,采用多帧平均、灰度分段线性变换、邻域平均等空域处理方法,取得了去噪与增强的良好效果,并实现了快速处理。