Influence of temperature on strain-induced polarization Coulomb field scattering in AlN/GaN heterostructure field-effect transistors

Electron mobility scattering mechanism in AlN/GaN heterostuctures is investigated by temperature-dependent Hall measurement, and it is found that longitudinal optical phonon scattering dominates electron mobility near room temperature while the interface roughness scattering becomes the dominant carrier scattering mechanism at low temperatures(～100 K).Based on measured current–voltage characteristics of prepared rectangular AlN/GaN heterostructure field-effect transistor under different temperatures, the temperature-dependent variation of electron mobility under different gate biases is investigated. The polarization Coulomb field(PCF) scattering is found to become an important carrier scattering mechanism after device processing under different temperatures. Moreover, it is found that the PCF scattering is not generated from the thermal stresses, but from the piezoelectric contribution induced by the electrical field in the thin AlN barrier layer. This is attributed to the large lattice mismatch between the extreme thinner AlN barrier layer and GaN, giving rise to a stronger converse piezoelectric effect.     

混合金属氧化物固载杂多酸的制备及催化性能

杂多酸是一类含氧桥的多核无机高分子化合物,由于其独特的笼型结构而具有许多优异的性能,尤其是作为一种新型的多功能催化剂越来越受到人们的关注。因此,近年来人们一直致力于研究新型固载杂多酸催化剂。本文介绍了钛钨混合金属氧化物固载杂多酸催化剂HPA／TiO2-WO3的制备,及催化合成甲酸环己酯的方法,此法具有反应时间短、催化剂价廉易得、工艺简单、酯产率较高等优点。     

球形孔开孔泡沫铝的力学特性及准静态压缩变形机制

对胞孔形态和尺寸较为一致的球形孔泡沫铝开展静-动态压缩实验,利用数字图像相关法研究了泡沫铝在准静态压缩过程中的宏观和介观变形机理。结果表明:球形孔泡沫具有明显的应变率效应,随着应变率的增加,平台应力及屈服强度增加,吸能效率也有所提高。由于胞元壁厚不均匀和孔壁缺陷的随机分布,泡沫铝在压缩过程中会出现多条局部变形带,单个胞孔表面在孔壁缺陷处也会出现应变集中带。胞元孔的变形模式主要有3种,轴向压缩、剪切、扭转加剪切复合变形,且整体变形带处的孔壁破坏模式以剪切变形为主,孔壁的变形模式又与孔壁自身厚度以及加载方向有关。     

冲击载荷下Al2O3陶瓷的失效与破碎特性

作为典型的脆性材料,陶瓷对变形具有高度敏感性,在强动载荷下具有完全不同于延性金属材料的损伤、破坏行为等力学响应特性。采用分离式霍普金森杆测试系统对Al_2O_3陶瓷进行了冲击加载试验,获得了陶瓷的动态抗拉/压力学性能,以及材料破碎特性随应变率的变化关系。利用能量守恒和动力学的理论方法,对脆性陶瓷材料在不同应变率下的力学特性和碎片尺度进行了深入研究。结果表明:在冲击载荷作用下,Al_2O_3陶瓷的抗拉和抗压强度均与应变率呈正相关。Al_2O_3陶瓷试样在一维应力波作用下的破碎颗粒尺寸差异较大,随着加载应变率的增加,破碎的陶瓷颗粒总数增大,颗粒平均粒径减小,应力集中的影响逐渐减弱。采用DID模型模拟的脆性材料碎片尺度与实验结果比较吻合,Grady模型源于韧性材料的推广,与实验结果的偏差较大。     

洪涝胁迫的水稻叶面积指数变化及其光谱响应研究

通过水稻淹水实验模拟洪涝胁迫状态,分析不同生育期、不同洪涝胁迫强度下的水稻叶面积指数变化及其冠层高光谱响应规律,建立洪涝胁迫下水稻叶面积指数(LAI)的估测模型。结果表明,分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期水稻LAI均随淹水深度的增加而降低;水稻冠层680~760 nm光谱的一阶微分具有“双峰”现象,主峰位于724~737 nm,701和718 nm有次峰出现,并随淹水深度的增加出现“三峰”;冠层红边位置在各个生育期出现“蓝移”,红边幅值、红边面积在分蘖期、拔节期、灌浆期均呈现“蓝移”,在抽穗期出现“红移”;生育前期水稻LAI与光谱特征参量存在显著相关,生育后期相关性不显著;最后以D_λ737/D_λ718光谱参量建立了水稻生育前期的LAI估测模型。表明在洪涝胁迫下,水稻LAI的变化幅度直接反映胁迫强度的大小,估测模型LAI=3.138(D_λ737/D_λ718)-0.806可用于估测洪涝胁迫不同强度下的水稻叶面积指数。     

钒掺杂介孔二氧化钛的制备及可见光催化性能

以表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为模板, 钛酸四正丁酯为钛源, 偏钒酸铵为掺杂离子前驱体, 通过液晶模板辅助溶胶-凝胶法制备钒掺杂介孔Ti\begin{array}{c}{O_2}_{}\end{array}(VMT), 采用X射线衍射(XRD)、 N₂吸附-脱附分析、 热重-差热分析(TG-DTA)、 X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、 紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等对样品结构进行表征, 选择亚甲基蓝为目标降解物, 对VMT的可见光催化性能进行了研究. 结果表明, 钒掺杂减小了介孔TiO₂(MT)的粒径和光生电子-空穴复合率, 增大了比表面积及Ti³⁺和羟基浓度, 导致VMT比纯MT和P25光催化活性高, 并且钒掺杂使MT带隙能降低, 使其具有很高的可见光催化活性. 最佳的光催化条件为: VMT的浓度为0.83 g/L, MB的浓度为1 mg/L.     

多通道多频高频地波雷达DDS数字信号源的设计

采用直接数字频率合成技术(DDS)产生多频高频地波雷达信号波形,使用现场可编程门阵列(field programmable gate array,FPGA)设计多通道多频高频地波雷达DDS数字信号源,提出了运用FPGA芯片实现该信号源的一种方案.该方案的系统组成包括PC机软件、LXI接口电路、控制模块、多通道DDS系统和加法器.该信号源输出为四通道单频信号及四通道信号加权叠加合成的多频信号.系统输出频率为3～30 MHz,输出信号无杂散动态范围(SFDR)优于62 dB,输出信号相位噪声优于132 dB/Hz,实验结果可满足多频高频地波雷达发射和接收系统的要求.     

Ultrafast electron microscopy in material science

Recent advances in the ultrafast transmission electron microscope(UTEM), with combined spatial and temporal resolutions, have made it possible to directly visualize the atomic, electronic, and magnetic structural dynamics of materials.In this review, we highlight the recent progress of UTEM techniques and their applications to a variety of material systems.It is emphasized that numerous significant ultrafast dynamic issues in material science can be solved by the integration of the pump–probe approach with the well-developed conventional transmission electron microscopy(TEM) techniques. For instance, UTEM diffraction experiments can be performed to investigate photoinduced atomic-scale dynamics, including the chemical reactions, non-equilibrium phase transition/melting, and lattice phonon coupling. UTEM imaging methods are invaluable for studying, in real space, the elementary processes of structural and morphological changes, as well as magnetic-domain evolution in the Lorentz TEM mode, at a high magnification. UTEM electron energy-loss spectroscopic techniques allow the examination of the ultrafast valence states and electronic structure dynamics, while photoinduced near-field electron microscopy extends the capability of the UTEM to the regime of electromagnetic-field imaging with a high real space resolution.