受限空间油气爆燃火焰形态

通过受限空间油气爆燃可视化实验发现，在不同初始油气体积分数下，爆燃火焰呈现出不同的表观特征，据此提出了受限空间油气爆燃的3种火焰形态，即光滑球形火焰、褶皱球形火焰和卷曲絮状火焰。分析了3种火焰形态的形成机理，并通过实验观测与理论分析，给出了区分3种火焰形态的临界条件。结合实验中采集到的关键参数，总结了不同的火焰形态下受限空间油气爆燃的反应产物、最大压力、升压速率、反应时间、火焰强度等关键参数的特征与变化规律。     

Deposition pattern of drying droplets

The drying of liquid droplets is a common daily life phenomenon that has long held a special interest in scientific research. When the droplet includes nonvolatile solutes, the evaporation of the solvent induces rich deposition patterns of solutes on the substrate. Understanding the formation mechanism of these patterns has important ramifications for technical applications,ranging from coating to inkjet printing to disease detection. This topical review addresses the development of physical understanding of tailoring the specific ring-like deposition patterns of drying droplets. We start with a brief introduction of the experimental techniques that are developed to control these patterns of sessile droplets. We then summarize the development of the corresponding theory. Particular attention herein is focused on advances and issues related to applying the Onsager variational principle (OVP) theory to the study of the deposition patterns of drying droplets. The main obstacle to conventional theory is the requirement of complex numerical solutions, but fortunately there has been recent groundbreaking progress due to the OVP theory. The advantage of the OVP theory is that it can be used as an approximation tool to reduce the high-order conventional hydrodynamic equations to first-order evolution equations,facilitating the analysis of soft matter dynamic problems. As such, OVP theory is now well poised to become a theory of choice for predicting deposition patterns of drying droplets.     

Multidimensional space groups: Tables and standards

The previous speakers have dealt with tangible physical objects; I am to deal with organizational and symbolic problems. The symbolic problems are of greater scientific importance, but I must begin with those of human organization and in particular with the structure of the International Union of Crystallography (acronym IUCr).     

Phase retrieval from fringe pattern with 1-D discrete wavelet transform

This paper proposes a novel method to obtain frequency modulation (FM) signals from a single fringe pattern for phase retrieval. First, a 1D discrete Meyer wavelet is employed to decompose the pattern image signal row by row and the soft-thresholding approach is applied to remove noise. The low frequency coefficients of the wavelet decomposition are then set to 0, and the signal is reconstructed. Moreover, the optimal wavelet decomposition level is adaptively determined using a cost function-based method. The reconstructed signal, which no longer contains a background component, is normalized using a nonlinear and piecewise normalization method. The proposed method is faster and more accurate than some other phase retrieval approaches, which is illustrated with two test cases.     

Gaussian pre-filtering for uncertainty minimization in digital image correlation using numerically-designed speckle patterns

This paper discusses the effect of pre-processing image blurring on the uncertainty of two-dimensional digital image correlation (DIC) measurements for the specific case of numerically-designed speckle patterns having particles with well-defined and consistent shape, size and spacing. Such patterns are more suitable for large measurement surfaces on large-scale specimens than traditional spray-painted random patterns without well-defined particles. The methodology consists of numerical simulations where Gaussian digital filters with varying standard deviation are applied to a reference speckle pattern. To simplify the pattern application process for large areas and increase contrast to reduce measurement uncertainty, the speckle shape, mean size and on-center spacing were selected to be representative of numerically-designed patterns that can be applied on large surfaces through different techniques (e.g., spray-painting through stencils). Such “designer patterns” are characterized by well-defined regions of non-zero frequency content and non-zero peaks, and are fundamentally different from typical spray-painted patterns whose frequency content exhibits near-zero peaks. The effect of blurring filters is examined for constant, linear, quadratic and cubic displacement fields. Maximum strains between ±250 and ±20,000 µε are simulated, thus covering a relevant range for structural materials subjected to service and ultimate stresses. The robustness of the simulation procedure is verified experimentally using a physical speckle pattern subjected to constant displacements. The stability of the relation between standard deviation of the Gaussian filter and measurement uncertainty is assessed for linear displacement fields at varying image noise levels, subset size, and frequency content of the speckle pattern. It is shown that bias error as well as measurement uncertainty are minimized through Gaussian pre-filtering. This finding does not apply to typical spray-painted patterns without well-defined particles, for which image blurring is only beneficial in reducing bias errors.     

Biochemical study for the effect of henna (Lawsonia inermis) on Escherichia coli

Leaf samples of Lawsonia inermis (Li) were examined for their antimicrobial potential. Broth extracts in different concentrations were prepared and bioassayed in vitro for the growth of Escherichia coli. The growth of E. coli pathogen was inhibited to various degrees by increasing the concentration of the herbal powder. In addition to the observed alterations which were detected electrophoretically in the protein pattern, were activities of the amylase enzyme and glycoprotein fractions. The protein pattern has one common band of Rf 0.47 and two characteristic bands of Rf 0.36 and Rf 0.42 for E. coli sample. The quantitative mutation was observed in the bacteria with different concentrations of L. inermis compared with the control. Some types of proteins in E. coli completely disappeared upon being S.I affected. The amylase pattern showed one common band with Rf 0.037 and two characteristic bands with Rf 0.18 and Rf 0.37 for E. coli sample. The obvious quantitative mutation observed in bacteria with different concentrations of L. inermis compared with E. coli. The glycoprotein pattern recorded one common band at R₁ with Rf 0.94 for E. coli sample and bacteria inoculated with different concentrations of L. inermis. These results confirmed the antibacterial activity of henna leaves and supported the traditional use of the plant in therapy of bacterial infections and disturbances that occurred at the biochemical level. The broth extract of the L. inermis leaves showed obvious antibacterial activity against E. coli.     

Nonrandom adsorption of polyelectrolyte chains on finite regularly charged surfaces

Adsorption phenomena are relevant in a wide variety of subjects, from biophysics to technological applications. Different aspects, such as molecular recognition, multilayer deposition, and dynamics of polymer adsorption have been addressed. The methodologies used range from analytical and numerical methods to molecular dynamics or Monte Carlo simulations. In this work, a coarse‐grained model is used to explore the adsorption of charged backbones to oppositely charged regions of a surface. These regions encompass those small enough to prevent complete adsorption, but extend to surfaces sufficiently large to promote adsorption with minimal effect on the three‐dimensional conformation in bulk. Apart from the different surface areas explored, variations on the surface charge density, polyelectrolyte chain length, and chain stiffness were also considered. The degree of compaction of the polyelectrolyte, on adsorption, is different from that found in the bulk. Also, results indicate an nonuniform adsorption pattern on regularly charged surfaces. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Effects of ball-to-powder diameter ratio and powder particle shape on EDEM simulation in a planetary ball mill

The effects of the ball-to-powder diameter ratio (BPDR) and the shape of the powder particles on EDEM simulation results and time in the planetary ball mill was investigated. BPDR was varied from 1 to 40/3 by changing the powder particle diameter from 8 to 0.6 ?mm. The size and shape of the powder particles do not give a significant change in both the ball motion pattern and simulation results when BPDR is over 20/3. It can be assumed that the kinetic energy of the ball has nothing to do with the size and shape of the powder particle. The simulation time and data size increase exponentially as BPDR increases. The effect of change of the powder particle shape on the calculated data size is not significant, but the more complicated its shape, the longer the simulation time, which is linearly related to the number of spheres composing a particle.     

在光敏性三元聚合物混合物中构造 多尺度有序图案

由多组分聚合物混合物所形成的多尺度有序结构能够展现出许多新奇的物理化学性质, 从而使其在材料工程领域具有十分重要的潜 在应用价值. 本文通过计算机模拟, 在光敏性不相容三元混合物体系中创建了多尺度有序结构. 通过调节光照区域和掩膜形状, 获得了棋盘形、箭靶状等十分独特的形貌, 并且这些结构可以在实验上通过在适当的时间淬火而稳定较长的时间. 详细探讨了组分比、掩膜宽度、间距以及光照强度对体系的影响, 从而为实现多尺度长程序花样薄膜的制备提供了一个简便的途径, 同时也为纳米器件的制备提供了一定的指导.     

An ignition-temperature model with two free interfaces in premixed flames†

In this paper we consider an ignition-temperature zero-order reaction model of thermo-diffusive combustion. This model describes the dynamics of thick flames, which have recently received considerable attention in the physical and engineering literature. The model admits a unique (up to translations) planar travelling wave solution. This travelling wave solution is quite different from those usually studied in combustion theory. The main qualitative feature of this travelling wave is that it has two interfaces: the ignition interface where the ignition temperature is attained and the trailing interface where the concentration of deficient reactants reaches zero. We give a new mathematical framework for studying the cellular instability of such travelling front solutions. Our approach allows the analysis of a free boundary problem to be converted into the analysis of a boundary value problem having a fully nonlinear system of parabolic equations. The latter is very suitable for both mathematical and numerical analysis. We prove the existence of a critical Lewis number such that the travelling wave solution is stable for values of Lewis number below the critical one and is unstable for Lewis numbers that exceed this critical value. Finally, we discuss the results of numerical simulations of a fully nonlinear system that describes the perturbation dynamics of planar fronts. These simulations reveal, in particular, some very interesting ‘two-cell’ steady patterns of curved combustion fronts.