维修策略的概念、方法和模型(Ⅰ)

本文介绍了单部件系统维修策略问题的建模方式。     

The elixir of life: using a maintenance, repair and replacement model based on virtual and operating age in the water industry

Processing equipment in the water industry is subject to decayand requires maintenance, repair and eventual replacement. Thechallenge of competition within the water industry and the accompanyingregulatory regime requires that actions be integrated and costeffective. This is an industry, which has considerable dataon the failure of its equipment, but until recently very fewmodels of the maintenance process have been built. This paper describes the context of this problem for cleanwater processing where the equipment is that required to purifywater. It proposes a model based on the virtual and operatingage of the components. The operating age reflects the true ageof the equipment while the virtual age allows for the cumulativeeffect of maintenance actions performed on the equipment. Themodel also allows for different types of equipment by describingdegradation by Cox's proportional hazards model. Thus the specialfeatures of the equipment and environment in which the equipmentoperates are described by a set of characteristics, which modifythe hazard rate of the failure time of the equipment. This approachusing Cox's model with virtual and operating age can be appliedto other processing industries including the gas industry andthe ‘dirty water’ side of the water industry. The model is formulated as a stochastic dynamic programmingor Markov decision process and the form of the optimal policyis determined. This shows that repair and replacement shouldonly be performed when the equipment has failed and describesgeneral conditions when replacement is appropriate. The optimalpolicy is calculated numerically using the value iteration algorithmfor a specific example based on data on failure.     

Consecutive k-out-of-n systems with maintenance

A consective k-out-of-n system consists of n linearly or cycliccally ordered components such that the system fails if and only if at least k consecutive components fail. In this paper we consider a maintained system where each component is repaired independently of the others according to an exponential distribution. Assuming general lifetime distributions for system's components we prove a limit theorem for the time to first failure of both linear and circular systems.     

X-光电子能谱仪的管理与维护

X-射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)是表面分析领域的重要工具,其快速发展促进了表面化学领域研究的深入.正确的使用和良好的维护不仅可以确保XPS始终保持良好的运行状态,还可以延长它的使用寿命.结合作者在实验室的工作经验和体会,从测试和维护仪器等方面介绍了管理和维护的经验,为相关人员提供参考.     

721型分光光度计的常见故障及排除

介绍721型分光光度计常见的光源故障、电表故障、仪器不稳定故障，以及故障排除方法。     

Infrared thermography for condition monitoring – A review

Temperature is one of the most common indicators of the structural health of equipment and components. Faulty machineries, corroded electrical connections, damaged material components, etc., can cause abnormal temperature distribution. By now, infrared thermography (IRT) has become a matured and widely accepted condition monitoring tool where the temperature is measured in real time in a non-contact manner. IRT enables early detection of equipment flaws and faulty industrial processes under operating condition thereby, reducing system down time, catastrophic breakdown and maintenance cost. Last three decades witnessed a steady growth in the use of IRT as a condition monitoring technique in civil structures, electrical installations, machineries and equipment, material deformation under various loading conditions, corrosion damages and welding processes. IRT has also found its application in nuclear, aerospace, food, paper, wood and plastic industries. With the advent of newer generations of infrared camera, IRT is becoming a more accurate, reliable and cost effective technique. This review focuses on the advances of IRT as a non-contact and non-invasive condition monitoring tool for machineries, equipment and processes. Various conditions monitoring applications are discussed in details, along with some basics of IRT, experimental procedures and data analysis techniques. Sufficient background information is also provided for the beginners and non-experts for easy understanding of the subject.     

Condition-based maintenance optimization based on matrix algebra

We develop a matrix algebra approach for optimizing condition-based maintenance with a planning time for gradually deteriorating, continuously monitored equipment. This avoids the calculation times of simulation and the approximations of more direct approaches. We consider a model in which maintenance after failure should be planned as well, resulting in downtime, and a model with emergency repairs upon failure. Numerical examples are provided to compare the optimal policies of the two models and their performances under different parameter settings.     

基于成本优先级的部件维修策略分析

现实中,系统由于任务、环境等因素,无法实时对故障部件进行维修。因此需要在任务间隔期间或对故障部件进行维修的同时对系统各部件进行预防性机会维修。本文考虑系统期望维修成本,提出了基于部件维修优先级的预防性维修策略。首先把系统期望维修成本分为失效部件维修成本、失效部件导致系统故障的成本和预防性维修其他部件的成本,提出了基于成本的二态和多态系统部件维修优先级度量方法,并在两种场景下分析了如何选择预防性维修部件。其次针对多态系统,研究了基于成本重要度的部件最佳维修水平,并讨论了成本约束下的部件预防性维修策略。最后以某型预警机系统为例进行验证,结果表明,基于成本的预防性维修策略不仅与故障部件位置和相关成本有关,而且还与可用于预防性维修的其他部件重要性有关。     

飞机维修模拟机模型结构设计

飞机维修模拟机能够完成综合维修训练,已越来越多的应用于航空企业和航空院校进行维修培训。维修模拟机包括故障、工作原理、操作等一系列复杂的维修模型,其结构直接关系模拟机的工作效率与培训效果。针对现有模拟机系统结构设计不统一且类型众多的问题,采用结构化的系统设计思想,依据模拟机各核心部分的要求,将模拟机分解为多个维修模型和模块,分析各个模型和模块的类型及特点,进行了维修模型结构的设计。经验证,该结构有利于维修模拟机工作效率的提高,且支持模型的维护和进一步扩展,能够作为飞机维修模拟机系统设计与开发的一种通用的、标准化的结构。     

Optimal adaptive replacement in a renewal process

In this paper we present an exact method for computing the Weibull renewal function and its derivative for application in maintenance optimization. The computational method provides a solid extension to previous work by which an approximation to the renewal function was used in a Bayesian approach to determine optimal replacement times. In the maintenance scenario, under the assumption an item is replaced by a new one upon failure, the underlying process between planned replacement times is a renewal process. The Bayesian approach takes into account failure and survival information at each planned replacement stage to update the optimal time until the next planned replacement. To provide a simple approach to carry out in practice, we limit the decision process to a one‐step optimization problem in the sequential decision problem. We make the Weibull assumption for the lifetime distribution of an item and calculate accurately the renewal function and its derivative. A method for finding zeros of a function is adapted to the maintenance optimization problem, making use of the availability of the derivative of the renewal function. Furthermore, we develop the maximum likelihood estimate version of the Bayesian approach and illustrate it with simulated examples. The maintenance algorithm retains the adaptive concept of the Bayesian methodology but reduces the computational need. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.