Determination of Benzo(a)Pyrene and other Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Airborne Particulate Material by Ultrasonic Extraction and Reverse Phase High Pressure Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

Ultrasonic extraction of airborne particulate material on Hi-Vol filters is described. Almost all of the polar compounds are removed during the extraction by adsorption on the surface of the shredded glass fibers and controlled pore glass powder (CPG). The non-polar polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the extract are separated at room temperature by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) on reverse phase Vydac using acetonitrile:water (70:30 v/v) as the chromatographic solvent. There is baseline separation of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkFt) and of benzo(e)pyrene (BeP), benzo(b)fluoranthene and perylene, the latter three present in one band. Extracts of airborne particulates show the same peaks. BaP elutes in approximately 14 minutes. Precision and accuracy measurements indicate full recovery of PAH and good extraction reproducibility. The detection limit of BaP at F 290/389 is less than 10 pg. Total analysis time is approximately 1 1/2 hr, most of which is waiting time.     

The Organic Particulate Thermal Analysis (OPTA) of Amine Arenesulfonates,Malonic Acids,and Metal Acetylacetonates

Abstract

The new technique of organoparticulate thermal analysis (OPTA) has been used to investigate the thermal decomposition reactions of various types of organic compounds (i.e., malonic acids, metal acetylacetonates, arenesulfonic acids and their amine salts). With a few exceptions, most of the compounds in these classes exhibit strong organoparticulation characteristics at temperatures below 200°C as indicated by their influence on the output current of an ion chamber detector.

In general, no direct correlation between the melting and decomposition temperatures and their organoparticulation temperature ranges (OPTR) was evident. In several instances, the OPTR values lay well above or well beneath the known melting point and decomposition temperatures of the compounds.

To explain the organoparticulating properties of these compounds, vapor phase association of polar molecules (such as amines, carboxylic acids, etc.) would appear to be necessary to give organoparticulate sizes detectable with the present instrumentation. Alternatively, the formation of an “aerosol” suspension of organic molecules in gases, such as SO₂, CO₂, might be occurring with some of these compounds     

Deformation and long-term damage of particulate composites with stress-rupture microstrength described by a fractional-power function

The theory of long-term damage of homogeneous materials is generalized to particulate composite materials. The damage of the composite components is modeled by randomly dispersed micropores. The damage criterion for a microvolume is characterized by its stress-rupture strength. It is determined by the dependence of the time to brittle failure on the difference between the equivalent stress and its limit, which is the tensile strength, according to the Huber-Mises criterion, and assumed to be a random function of coordinates. An equation of damage (porosity) balance in the composite components at an arbitrary time is formulated. Algorithms of calculating the time dependence of microdamage and macrostresses or macrostrains are developed and corresponding curves are plotted in the case of limited microdurability Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 44, No. 10, pp. 3–12, October 2008.     

A review of research on cylindrical particulate flows

The study of cylindrical particulate flows has wide industrial applicability hence received much attention. The purpose of the present paper is to provide a review on our research over the last few years. The research is related to the motion of cylindrical particles in mixing layer, pipe flow, channel flow, converging channel flow; the sedimentation of cylindrical particles in a Newtonian fluid; the structural feature and rheological property of cylindrical particulate suspensions; and the hydrodynamic instability of cylindrical particulate suspensions.     

与非平衡问题相关的尺度效应:场与微粒

纳米技术的出现,使我们有必要更好地了解,在原子水平上材料微结构的变化是如何影响和控制着材料的宏观性能.这一挑战涉及到许多以前不曾考虑和不曾了解的现象.其中,位错理论的基础现在知道是有问题的.宏观尺度下采用的简化假设,也许不能用于微观和纳米尺度.尺度效应的含义,涉及到物理系统的非均质和非平衡特性.宏观尺度下的均匀与平衡特性,在材料的物理尺度减少到微米量级时就不再保持了.这些基本观点不能够为了方便而随意到处使用,因为这会改变预测的结果.更令人不满的是在建立物理模型时缺乏一致性.由此产生的问题是在确定制造过程中的有关参数时无能为力,导致由于成本过高而不切实际的终端产品.先进的复合材料和陶瓷材料就存在这样的问题.本文将要讨论的是在原子尺度与连续介质尺度下应用理论模型时存在的潜在问题,而不是去揭示自然的真相.主要讨论微粒,均匀连续介质或者两者的结合.尺度效应问题当前的发展趋势,趋向于在有或者没有时间效应的情况下寻找材料微结构的不同特征尺寸.从原子模拟模型中将了解到许多情况,原子模拟计算将揭示计算结果如何随着边界条件和尺度变化而不同.量子力学,连续介质力学和宇宙模型证明,没有普遍适用的方法.当前的主要兴趣也许是针对多尺度物理问题在技术上建立更高的精度,以得到一个更好的表达结果.      

低浓度含铅细颗粒物暴露大鼠体内生物转运研究

食品接触性塑料制品、可再生资源、汽车尾气中含有低浓度铅。铅等重金属体内蓄积严重影响机体健康,但机体长期暴露于铅环境的代谢依然未知。以低剂量含铅细颗粒物暴露为场景,探讨其在大鼠体内的生物转运及体内分布。通过比较每日吸入染毒(7.05±0.83)μg/m~3及经口染毒0.42μg/d,连续染毒28d。结果显示含铅细颗粒物入血的速度比经口途径快,在肺内蓄积浓度达(4.2±0.67)μg/g,与经口染毒组比较有显著统计学差异(P0.01);排泄方面,吸入含铅细颗粒物以粪便、尿液形式排出为主,与经口染毒组比较具有体内蓄积量大、排泄慢、在股骨和肋骨内蓄积量大的特点。因此,吸入含铅细颗粒物暴露体内蓄积量大,代谢速度慢,暴露危害比经口途径更大。     

废弃物燃烧产生的可吸入颗粒物中金属元素的排放特性研究

将纸屑、甘蔗渣、木粉、谷壳、垃圾衍生燃料（RDF）五种废弃物进行燃烧，采集其烟气中可吸入颗粒物（PM10）样品并分析，获得了颗粒物中金属元素的质量分数和排放特性，并与其相应的原料和灰烬中的金属元素质量分数比较。结果显示，废弃物燃烧的颗粒物中金属元素的种类与燃烧的物料有关；纸屑的颗粒物中金属元素的质量分数最低，RDF的最高，其余三种生物质废弃物的质量分数较相近；在五种样品中，一些重金属的质量分数很高，比土壤中的质量分数高出很多倍；金属元素在灰烬和颗粒物中的分布情况与金属元素的性质密切相关，且在可吸入颗粒物上有明显的富集。     

大气颗粒物重金属形态分析

重金属作为大气颗粒物中重要有毒组分之一,其总量和存在形态与颗粒物重金属的健康风险密切相关。因此,颗粒物重金属形态分析对深入研究大气污染健康效应具有非常重要的意义。本文从以下四个方面对近年来国内外相关研究进行了归纳总结:(1)模拟体液、BCR、Tessier、Chester等逐级顺序提取方法被广泛用于重金属操作定义形态分析;(2)色谱-质谱联用技术和新型功能化材料用于重金属形态选择分析以及X射线吸收精细结构谱(XAFS)原位形态表征技术可以获取重金属价态、化合态、原子簇结构信息;(3)重金属形态粒径分布特征复杂,受多种因素影响,倾向于富集在细颗粒物中;(4)重金属形态时空分布具有很强的区域性,社会发展、工业来源、气候条件是主要影响因素,夏冬季节和雾霾天气危害性较大。     

Lattice Boltzmann simulation of particles agglomeration and rheology in a particulate flow

The dynamics and rheology of particles in a Newtonian fluid subjected to shear are simulated using Lattice Boltzmann Method. A computationally-efficient Smoothed Profile Method is used to resolve fluid-solid interactions, and the Lennard-Jones inter-particle potential is implemented to account for inter-particle forces. The use of a bi-periodic computational domain with Lees-Edward boundary conditions allows simulation for systems consisting of a large number of particles under shear. The method is validated for single and dual particle problems and an analysis is performed for multi-particle problems under a range of shear rates and particle fractions. The introduction of particle-particle interactions, which are physically important in many engineering processes, is found to have a considerable impact on the dynamics, agglomeration and rheology. The total stress exhibits high unsteadiness primarily due to the solid component contribution, at higher particle fractions. The simulations underscore the complex interplay between shear, interparticle forces and agglomeration and the complex dependencies of the rheological properties.     

Trace metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Al, Li, Fe, Mn, Ni, Co) in marine suspended particulate matter: an international ICES intercomparison exercise

 The aim of this intercomparison exercise was to assess the comparability of trace metal analyses of blank filters and of marine suspended particulate matter (SPM) on filters performed by laboratories in ICES member countries. Fifteen experts from the United Kingdom, Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, and the United States were invited to participate in this exercise for trace metal analyses of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Al, Li, Fe, Mn, Ni and Co (tentative) in SPM. Each filter analysed in this project was an individual sample, the absolute loadings on the filters varying from 0.8 to 2 mg of SPM. The inter-laboratory means and the relative standard deviations (RSD) from the grand mean for the metals determined were: Al 67.5 mg/g, 8.3%, Fe 51.7 mg/g, 10.9%, Cd 1.5 μg/g, 22.7%, Cu 39 μg/g, 13.3%, Pb 38 μg/g, 34.7%, Mn 1060 μg/g, 13%, Ni 49.2 μg/g, 29%, Zn 182 μg/g, 32.5%, Li 52.8 μg/g, 26.1%, Co 15.4 μg/g, 23.6%. In general, the exercise demonstrated that it is possible for the various participants to collect very small amounts of SPM and analyse it by the different determination techniques. Compared to earlier exercises, comparability between laboratories was still difficult to achieve and limited. Received: 27 June 1996 Accepted: 15 August 1996