Impulsive forces of two spark-generated cavity bubbles with phase differences

The characteristics of synchronous and phase difference bubble pairs in axisymmetric configuration near a boundary are investigated experimentally by the spark discharge method. Their destructive forces on nearby boundaries are measured using a polyvinylidene fluoride sensor. The bubble pair interactions and deformed features in the boundary vicinity are dissimilar to those in bulk water. Moreover, significant discrepancies between in-phase and out-of-phase pair interactions and their intensities of impulses are also witnessed. The interbubble distance (η), stand-off distance from the boundary (γ), and phase offset (τ) are crucial parameters affecting the shape evolutions and impulsive forces. From the qualitative analysis of sensor acquisition and high-speed imaging, it is observed that bubble periods are either prolonged or shorter than their corresponding isolated single cavity according to different parameters and arrangements. Additionally, the strongest impingements are produced by in-phase pairs. The impulses of phase difference bubble pairs are remarkably lower than in-phase pairs and even lower than a single bubble in some arrangements.     

非溶剂致相分离法制备PVDF膜影响因素探究

非溶剂致相分离法作为制备聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）膜一种常用的方法已得到广泛推广,但因影响其成膜因素诸多,至今没有一种较好的协同效果．作者介绍了不同溶剂、聚合物的浓度、添加剂的种类和浓度、凝胶浴的组成和温度、蒸发时间及后处理等制膜条件对膜的影响,以期为优化制膜工艺提供参考．     

锂离子二次电池用隔膜的制备及其性质

本文采用倒相法制备了锂离子二次电池用的PVDF HFP共聚物型多孔聚合物隔膜 ,该聚合物膜具有良好的机械性能 ,其孔隙率可达 75% ,吸附电解液后增重 4 50 % ,电导率为 10 - 3S/cm ,组装成电池后表现出良好的循环性能和较低的极化率     

PVDF压电计在低阻抗介质动态力学性能测试中的应用

介绍了ＰＶＤＦ的压电特性,讨论了用ＰＶＤＦ测试材料动态应力应变曲线的实验方法和数据处理方法,并以聚氨酯泡沫塑料为例,说明了它在对低阻抗介质的动态测试中避开了常规Ｈｏｐ ｋｉｎｓｏｎ压杆方法的难处且实验结果具有更高的精确度。     

ASAXS study of styrene‐grafted sulfonated poly(vinylidene fluoride) membranes

Small‐angle and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering and anomalous small‐angle X‐ray scattering were used to investigate proton‐conducting membranes prepared by radiation‐induced styrene grafting and sulfonation of commercial poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF‐g‐PS) films. The membranes retain the lamellar and highly oriented structure of the original PVDF films even through excessive grafting and sulfonation. The sulfonate groups aggregate in the central part of the amorphous layers, where they form a weakly ordered structure that does not show any preferred orientation. This structure is suggested to be lamellar with alternate metal‐sulfonated hydrate and PVDF‐g‐PS layers. The lamellar period is 15.1 Å. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 1734–1748, 2000     

Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy study of polyvinylpyrrolidone-added polyvinylidene fluoride membranes: Investigation of free volume and permeation relationships

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes were prepared via the phase inversion method from casting solutions containing PVDF, dimethylformamide (DMF), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as pore former. PVP was used in the casting solution in a range of 0–5 wt % and extracted. The effect on membranes of using PVP in the casting process was analyzed by X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, viscosity, and water permeability techniques. With an increase of PVP from 0 to 5 wt %, the PVDF casting solution viscosities increased from 858 to 1148 cP; the resulting PVDF membrane thickness increased; and the crystallinity of PVDF membranes decreased from 40.0 to 33.3%, which indicates that the addition of PVP inhibits the degree of crystallization in the PVDF membranes. SEM results revealed the shape and size of macropores in the membranes; these macropores changed after PVP addition to the casting solutions. The impact of structural changes on free-volume properties was evaluated using positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) studies. PALS analysis indicated no effect on the average radius (~3.4 Å) of membrane free-volume holes from the addition of PVP to the casting solution. However, the percentage of o-Ps pick-off annihilation intensity, I₃, increased from 1.7 to 5.1% with increased PVP content. Further, increasing the PVP content from 0.5 to 5% resulted in an increased final pure water permeability flux. For instance, the 210 min flux for a 14% PVDF + 0.5% PVP membrane was found to be 3.3 times greater than a control membrane having the same PVDF concentration. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 58, 589–598     

Synthesis and performance of a Mono (dodecafluoroheptyl) acetate surfactant

A novel fluorinated surfactant, sodium 1?H, 1?H, 7H-dodecafluoro-1-heptyloxy acetate (DFHAS), was synthesized via a facile two-step synthetic procedure. The structure of product on each step was characterized by ^1?H NMR, ^19?F NMR, ¹³C NMR, FT-IR, and mass spectrum (MS). Ultraviolet absorption (UV) and ring measurements were performed to obtain detailed information of its surface properties. The results demonstrated that the novel surfactant possessed very low critical micelle concentration (CMC, 7.94?mM) and surface tension (20.01?mN/m). Furthermore, the surfactant had preferable thermal stability compared with other perfluorocarboxylates characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The practical application performance of DFHAS was finally validated through the emulsion polymerization of vinylidene fluoride (VDF) by means of its excellent emulsifying activities. It is expected that this versatile synthetic strategy may help fabricate satisfying green surfactant systems for the application in fields of emulsion polymerization, drug delivery and greases.GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT     

INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL-BASED NONSOLVENTS ON THE FORMATION AND MORPHOLOGY OF PVDF MEMBRANES IN PHASE INVERSION PROCESS

Through the preparation of PVDF membranes using various nonsolvent coagulation baths following the phase inversion process, the influence of alcohol-based nonsolvents on the formation and structure of PVDF membranes were investigated. The light scattering and light transmission measurements were used to characterize the equilibrium phase diagram and the gelation speed, respectively. The locations of the crystallization-induced gelation boundaries for various systems and precipitation processes were explained from the corresponding thermodynamic and kinetic parameters. It was found that the better affinity between alcohol-based nonsolvents and DMAc solvent caused the gelation boundaries further away from the PVDF-DMAc axis with the coagulation bath varying from water, methanol, ethanol to iso-propanol. Due to the lower exchange rate of DMAc and alcohols, the delayed demixing took place for the membrane-forming using alcohols as baths, and the delayed time became longer when the coagulation bath was changed from methanol, ethanol to iso-propanol. The characterization results of membranes indicate that the influence of nonsolvents on the phase diagram and the precipitation process are in agreement with those on the membrane morphology. The better thermodynamic stability and a low exchange diffusion rate of PVDF/DMAc/alcohols favor the liquid-solid phase separation in gelation process, and therefore yield the membranes with a porous upper surface, a particular bottom surface and symmetrical structure.     

Effect of P(MMA-co-MAA) compatibilizer on the miscibility of nylon 6/PVDF blends

With the ultimate objective of enhancing the impact strength and weatherability of nylon 6 engineering plastic, blending with poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) was studied. In the absence of a compatibilizer the two polymers phase separate, resulting in a deterioration of the properties. Since poly(methyl methacrylate) is known to be miscible with PVDF, we evaluated poly(methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) (P(MMA-co-MAA)) of low methacrylic acid content as the compatibilizer. The carboxylic acid groups in the MAA units were expected to react with the end amino groups of nylon 6 forming block or graft copolymers, P(MMA-co-MAA)-g-nylon 6, in situ, which will function as the actual compatibilizer. The amount of P(MMA-co-MAA) added, the MMA/MAA composition and heat treatment time were varied to study their effects on the miscibility, morphology, and mechanical properties of nylon 6/PVDF blends. The enhancement of the compatibility of nylon 6 and PVDF by addition of P(MMA-co-MAA) and the partial miscibility of nylon 6 and PVDF has been confirmed through DSC, dynamic mechanical testing, SEM of fracture surfaces, and tensile testing. The decrease in the crystallization temperatures on addition of compatibilizer in DSC experiments suggests that the compatibilizer enhances the interaction between the two components and retards the crystallization. The dynamic mechanical thermal analysis experiments suggest that the compatibility in the amorphous regions of nylon 6 and PVDF in particular has been enhanced. The increase in the heat treatment time in the molten state resulted in further enhancement of the miscibility. The enhancement of compatibility by addition of a reactive compatibilizer and heat treatment resulted in a significant increase in the energy of rupture in tensile testing.     

PVDF and HYFLON AD membranes: Ideal interfaces for contactor applications

Super-hydrophobic fluorinated membranes were tailored by combining traditional dry-wet phase inversion and wet chemical treatment techniques. PVDF and HYFLON AD 60X were selected as raw polymers for their chemical and mechanical resistance as well as hydrophobic and solvophobic properties. Membranes with modulated pore size, narrow distribution and high overall porosity were manufactured without using additional additives or modifiers. High resistance to liquid water entry pressure (LEPw), high mass transfer and low surface free energy of the membrane surfaces were fully achieved. The combination of these two fluorinated polymers improved dramatically the mechanical resistance and the water repellence of the PVDF membranes. Well-controlled structure combined with aimed supra-molecular chemistry makes these porous layers ideal interfaces to be processed in membrane contactor devices.