Recent Development of Active Ingredients in Mouthwashes and Toothpastes for Periodontal Diseases

Periodontal diseases like gingivitis and periodontitis are primarily caused by dental plaque. Several antiplaque and anti-microbial agents have been successfully incorporated into toothpastes and mouthwashes to control plaque biofilms and to prevent and treat gingivitis and periodontitis. The aim of this article was to review recent developments in the antiplaque, anti-gingivitis, and anti-periodontitis properties of some common compounds in toothpastes and mouthwashes by evaluating basic and clinical studies, especially the ones published in the past five years. The common active ingredients in toothpastes and mouthwashes included in this review are chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride, sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, stannous chloride, zinc oxide, zinc chloride, and two herbs—licorice and curcumin. We believe this comprehensive review will provide useful up-to-date information for dental care professionals and the general public regarding the major oral care products on the market that are in daily use.     

Line broadening studies in low energy plasma focus

Optical emission spectroscopic studies were carried out to characterise the plasma leading to the estimation of two plasma parameters, electron density and temperature. These experiments were conducted on a 2 kJ plasma device which is equipped with squirrel cage electrode configuration enclosed in a glass vacuum chamber filled with hydrogen at a pressure of 5 mbar. Spectral emissions obtained from each flash were photographed in the region of 4000–6000 Å using one metre Czerny-Turner spectrograph cum monochromator. Detailed examination of the observed features showed that theH _β andH _λ lines of hydrogen showed significant broadening of the order of 35 Å FWHM which is due to Stark effect expected in high density plasmas. Further several atomic lines of Cu and Zn from the electrode material (brass) showed broadening which was due to quadratic Stark effect. A comparative study of the broadening of lines obtained in DC arc, hollow cathode and plasma focus was made. Electron density from Stark broadened hydrogen lines and quadratic Stark Coefficient C₄ for the CuI and ZnI lines were evaluated. The excitation temperature was determined from the line intensity ratio method using CuI lines.     

Enthalpies of mixing of isopropyl ether with cyclohexane,benzene, toluene,ethylbenzene, p-xylene and mesitylene at 27°C

Enthalpies of mixing of isopropyl ether with cyclohexane, benzene, mesitylene, ethylbenzene, toluene and p-xylene were determined at 27°C and were found to decrease in the same order as the second components listed. The results are compared with Flory's state theory.     

Binding of naproxen to bovine serum albumin and tryptophan-modified bovine serum albumin

Two classes of binding sites, a single high-affinity site with an association constant of 4·8×10⁶ M⁻¹ and two low-affinity sites with association constant of about 0·05×10⁶ M⁻¹ have been observed in the interaction of Naproxen with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Chemical modification of two tryptophan residues in BSA with 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide has led to a reduction in the association constant of the high-affinity site by 89% and its number of binding sites by 66% suggesting the involvement of tryptophan residues in the high-affinity site. In contrast, the two low-affinity sites were not affected by the modification. Binding of Naproxen to the low-affinity sites of BSA induces microdisorganisation of the albumin structure leading to conformational changes as evident from fluorescence measurements with 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulphonic acid as the probe.     

Simultaneous voltammetric determination of vanillin and guaiacol in food products on defect free graphene nanoflakes modified glassy carbon electrode

Microchimica Acta - Simple and robustic mediator free graphene nanoflake modified glassy carbon electrode (GNF/GCE) was used for the simultaneous determination of vanillin (VAN) and...     

Molecular Recognition of 1,5 Diamino Anthraquinone by <Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-tert-butyl-Calix(8)arene

The molecular recognition properties of p-tert-butyl-calix(8)arene with 1,5 -diamino anthraquinone (1,5 DAAQ) were studied by using UV–Visible and Fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. The binding constant was determined by using the Benesi-Hilde brand expression. It was found that the host–guest complex was formed between 1,5 DAAQ and p-tert-butyl- calix(8)arene in the 1:2 Stoichiometry ratio.     

High pressure investigation on double perovskite Ba2MgWO6

The results of high-pressure angle dispersive X-ray diffraction measurements up to 34.3 GPa on the double perovskite Ba₂MgWO₆ are presented. The ambient rock salt phase (SG: Fm-3m) is found to be stable up to the highest pressure of the present measurements. The third order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state when fitted to pressure-volume data, yielded a zero pressure bulk modulus (B₀),and its first and second pressure derivatives as 137.0(81) GPa, and 3.9(5) and −0.03 GPa⁻¹, respectively.     

Ultratrace analysis of uracil and 5‐fluorouracil by molecularly imprinted polymer brushes grafted to silylated solid‐phase microextraction fiber in combination with complementary molecularly imprinted polymer‐based sensor

Main inborn errors of metabolism diagnosable through uracil (Ura) analysis and the therapeutic monitoring of toxic 5‐fluorouracil (5FU) in dihydro pyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficient patients require a sensitive, reproducible, selective and accurate method. In this work, an artificial receptor in the format of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) brush ‘grafted to’ the surface of sol–gel immobilized on cost‐effective homemade solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) fibers, individually imprinted with either of Ura and 5FU, was used in combination with a voltammetric sensor duly modified with the same MIP. This combination provided up to 10‐ and 8.4‐fold preconcentrations of Ura and 5FU, respectively, which was more than sufficient for achieving stringent detection limits in the primitive diagnosis of uracil disorders and fluoropyrimidine toxicity in DPD‐deficient patients. The proposed method permits the assessment of Ura and 5FU plasma concentrations with detection limits pf 0.0245 and 0.0484 ng mL^?1 (RSD = 1.0–2.5%, S/N = 3), respectively, without any problems of non‐specific false‐positives and cross‐reactivities in complicated matrices of biological samples. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Harada modules

We define the Albert algebra of generic matrices and show that its central closure is an Albert division algebra as well as a pure second Tits construction. It contains a cyclic cubic subfield iff this holds true for every Albert division algebra over any extension of the base field.     

Biodiesel production and comparison using commercial lipase and chemical catalyst from Cassia auriculata oil

In this present investigation, Cassia auriculata was explored as a feedstock for production of biodiesel. Transesterification reaction was performed by both enzyme (lipase) and chemical (potassium hydroxide) catalyst with diverse acyl acceptors such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, n-propanol, butanol, n- butanol, and finally their biodiesel yield were also recorded. Process optimization was performed by both one factor at a time method and response surface method. The maximal biodiesel yield of 92% (weight/weight) was obtained at the following optimal conditions: Oil:Methanol molar ratio of 1:6 (moles/moles), the lipase concentration of 2% (weight/weight), at 35 ?°C and 120 ?min. The highest biodiesel yield from Cassia auriculata oil was occurred with excess methanol that aids the equilibrium shift in the forward direction. The kinetics of the transesterification reaction was investigated under optimal conditions and the activation energy was found to be 14.91 ?kJ/mol. Simultaneously Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectroscopy was also carried out for the biodiesel produced from Cassia auriculata and the same has been reported. The GC analysis declares the existence of fatty acid esters like hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, methyl stearate and the peak with retention time 12.8 ?min signifies the evidence of hexadecanoic acid methyl ester with 28% of yield content. This investigation also evaluated the biodiesel quality produced from lipase-transesterified Cassia auriculata oil based on fuel properties. Biodiesel properties Flash Point (FC), Pour Point (PP) and kinematic viscosity were compared with American (ASTM 6751) and European (EN 14214) Standards. Cassia auriculata oil had PP 6.7 ?°C and Kinematic viscosity (813 ?kg/m³) that agreed with both the standards. Thus this study showed that Cassia auriculata oil could be a better fuel alternative with further improvement of fuel properties.