采用金属有机骨架材料M(HBTC)(4,4'-bipy)·3DMF(M=Ni,Co,Zn)催化CO2与环氧丙烷的环加成反应

采用溶剂热法合成了三种M(HBTC)(4,4’-bipy)·3DMF (M = Ni, Co, Zn, HBTC = 1,3,5-均苯三甲酸, 4,4’-bipy = 4,4′-联吡啶)结构的支柱层金属有机骨架材料(MOFs). 首次采用溶剂热和微波法合成了Zn(HBTC)(4,4’-bipy)·3DMF, 并采用多种物理化学方法对其进行了表征. M(HBTC)(4,4’-bipy)·3DMF中包含有M2+离子的蜂窝网格层和BTC单元, BTC单元与4,4’-联吡啶柱进一步交联形成三维多孔骨架材料. 在采用烷基铵卤化物作为助催化剂和无溶剂的条件下, 所有MOFs材料均对催化固定CO2与环氧化合物环加成制备环状碳酸酯反应表现出非常好的协同催化性能, 其催化活性高低顺序为: Zn ＞ Co ＞Ni, 这可通过酸-碱双功能特性进行解释. 采用微波法合成的Zn(HBTC)(4,4’-bipy)·3DMF材料表现出与常规催化剂相似的物理化学性质和催化性能. 考察了不同制备参数的影响和材料的重复使用性能, 并提出了该反应的可能机理.     

Synthesis of 2S-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3R-hydroxy-4S-(thymin-1-yl or adenin-9-yl)-tetrahydrofuran

Two synthetic strategies were developed to obtain isonucleosides 2a and 2b. Starting from the known compound 4, an extension of one carbon unit at sugar 6-terminal was achieved by Wittig reaction and Stannyl-desulfonylation reaction. After oxidation of the double bond, the isonucleosides with elongated side chain 2a and 2b were synthesized. For the synthesis of isonucleosides containing different bases, an epoxide intermediate approach was developed. Isonucleosides 2a and 2b were synthesized by regioselective epoxide opening reaction of 18 in good yield.     

Total synthesis of (+)-lentiginosine from d-glucose

A total synthesis of (+)-lentiginosine, a potent and selective amyloglucosidase inhibitor, is reported from a d-glucose-derived epoxide in 38% overall yield. In this synthesis, ambient conditions and readily available starting materials and reagents are used.     

非金属催化剂在催化环氧化物和CO2合成环状碳酸酯中的研究进展

随着科学技术的进步和工业化的发展,大量化石燃料被消耗,大气中二氧化碳浓度急剧增加,导致温室效应加剧,严重威胁到人类的生存和发展。基于可持续发展的思想,利用储量丰富且廉价的二氧化碳作为 C1资源替代有毒的气体(如一氧化碳和光气等)制备具有广泛应用的环状碳酸酯,不仅满足“绿色化学”的要求,而且符合“原子经济性”的原则。迄今为止,大量用于催化二氧化碳和环氧化物环加成反应合成环状碳酸酯的催化剂,包括均相催化剂(如金属卤化物、有机碱、离子液体和金属配合物),多相催化剂(如金属氧化物、负载型催化剂、有机聚合物、金属有机框架材料和碳材料等)被报道。其中金属催化剂占主导地位,大多表现出优异的催化活性。然而,目前可供开采的金属矿越来越少,大多数金属的回收再利用率较低,重金属污染日趋严重。因此,开发新型、廉价、绿色、高效、循环性和稳定性好的非金属催化剂具有重要意义。
　　本文主要介绍了近3年以来用于催化二氧化碳和环氧化物环加成反应合成环状碳酸酯的非金属催化剂,主要包括有机碱、离子液体、固载型催化剂、有机聚合物和碳材料等。概括了不同种类催化剂的设计思想及其催化反应机理,重点阐述了分子内以及分子间各种功能基团的协同作用对环加成反应的影响。通过比较发现,具有“C–N=C”结构的有机碱活性相对较高,氢键给体和亲核物质都能与有机碱协同作用提高其催化活性;传统离子液体的活性一般不理想,氢键给体如羟基和羧基的引入有利于促进环加成反应,且多阳离子和多氢键给体功能化的离子液体表现出更高的催化活性;负载型催化剂中,载体和活性组分之间的协同作用有利于加速环加成反应的进行,多种功能基团负载和以共价键方式多层固载能更好地提高催化剂稳定性和催化活性;利用非烯烃化合物制得的活性组分位于主链的多孔有机聚合物,催化活性和稳定性大多高于活性组分位于侧链的烯烃聚合物;碳材料催化剂中,引入不饱和的 N物种(如伯胺和吡啶氮),有利于 CO2的吸附和活化,能促进环加成反应。此外,利用密度泛函的方法,计算模拟催化反应过程,能更好地揭示反应机理,并为设计和制备高效的催化剂提供理论指导。
　　该领域目前面临的重要挑战是研发可以同时实现二氧化碳捕获和转化的新型、环保和高效非金属催化剂,终极目标是利用多孔催化材料在常温和常压下直接捕获工业废气中的二氧化碳,并利用捕获的二氧化碳实现环状碳酸酯的连续生产。基于协同催化的设计思想,利用多种基团功能化的策略合成高效吸附和活化二氧化碳以及开环活化环氧化物的非金属催化剂,有望实现上述目标。     

TBSOTf-assisted three component coupling of epoxides, THF, and ylides derived from the phosphoniosilylation products of enones and α,β-unsaturated lactones

Ylides 3, derived from the phosphoniosilylation products of enones and α,β-unsaturated lactones, were reacted with epoxides 4 and TBSOTf in THF. Interestingly, the three component coupling products 5-8 were obtained after subsequent desilylation.     

Chiral Lewis base promoted trichlorosilane reduction of ketimines. An enantioselective organocatalytic synthesis of chiral amines

The reduction of the carbon-nitrogen double bond is an important transformation. Here we report our studies on a family of chiral organic catalysts able to promote the stereoselective reduction of ketimines with trichlorosilane. The very cheap, metal-free catalysts were easily prepared in one step from commercially available products, namely a chiral aminoalcohol and picolinic acid derivatives. The catalyst structure was extensively modified in a study that allowed to identify an extremely active species, able to promote the reduction on a large variety of substrates with high efficiency (up to 95% ee). A three component methodology has been also developed, where the enantiomerically enriched amine was isolated after performing the reaction by mixing a ketone and an amine in the presence of trichlorosilane and the catalyst. Its synthetic potentiality was demonstrated by employing the present metal-free catalytic procedure in the preparation of (S)-metolachlor, a potent and widely used herbicide.     

C-4′ Truncated carbocyclic formycin derivatives

Formycin is a naturally occurring C-glycoside (C-nucleoside) that possesses antitumor, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activity. In connection with our ongoing interest in the design and syntheses of C-nucleoside derived antiviral agents this report describes the preparation of carbocyclic formycin and its 7-hydroxy (oxo) analog lacking the C-4′ hydroxylmethylene moiety in racemic form (4 and 6, respectively). An antiviral analysis of (±)-4 did not disclose any activity.     

Lewis Acidic Guanidinium Ionic Liquids:Novel,Efficient and Recyclable Catalysts for Aminolysis of Epoxides

Lewis acidic guanidinium ionic liquid(LAGIL) 2c was used as a novel, efficient and recyclable catalyst for aminolysis of epoxides under solvent-free and room temperature conditions, giving the corresponding β-amino alcohols with moderate to excellent regioselectivity(up to 91:9) in high yields(up to 97%). In addition, LAGIL 2c was recycled three times without any loss of catalytic activity and selectivity to the product.     

UMCM-1-NH2的后合成修饰及在制备β-氨基醇反应中的应用

采用后合成修饰(PSM)技术将水杨醛锚装到UMCM-1-NH₂上, 得到席夫碱功能化的多孔金属-有机骨架化合物UMCM-1-NH-Sal, 在该化合物孔道内的席夫碱N、 O原子上螯合铜离子得到UMCM-1-NH-Sal-Cu催化剂, 并用核磁共振氢谱(¹H NMR)、 X 射线衍射(PXRD)、 热重分析(TG)、 N₂ 吸附-脱附等手段对催化剂进行了表征, 将其用于催化有机胺和环氧化物的开环反应制备β-氨基醇, 结果表明该催化剂具有良好的催化效果.     

A novel and efficient synthesis of Entecavir

A practical synthesis of Entecavir (1) has been accomplished in 10 steps with 21% overall yield. The key steps to construct the five-membered carbocyclic framework 2 are a ring-closing metathesis and a diethyl-aluminum 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidide (DA-TMS) mediated epoxide isomerization. Furthermore, the guanine was introduced by modified Mitsunobu reaction.