Spontaneous chemical reactions between hydrogen and oxygen in nanobubbles

Bulk nanobubbles (NBs) generated electrochemically by short voltage pulses of alternating polarity behave differently from those produced by regular methods. Only bubbles smaller than 200 nm are formed in the process, and their concentration is very high. Moreover, the bubbles containing both H₂ and O₂ gases disappear fast via the combustion reaction, although the reaction in such a small volume cannot happen according to the classical combustion theory. Experimental facts about these unusual NBs are reviewed, and current understanding of the observed phenomena is provided. Visualization methods of a cloud of NBs above the electrodes are briefly discussed. Experimental signatures demonstrating the reaction between the gases in NBs are considered. A surface-assisted mechanism proposed for the combustion reactions in restricted volumes with a high surface-to-volume ratio is discussed. It is explained how the same mechanism is able to describe the explosion of microbubbles that is observed at special conditions.     

1-(4-二甲基硅氢苯基)-1-苯乙烯/异戊二烯的活性阴离子交替共聚合调控研究

采用活性阴离子聚合方法研究了硅氢基功能化的1,1-二苯基乙烯(DPE)衍生物1-(4-二甲基硅氢苯基)-1-苯乙烯(DPE-SiH)与异戊二烯(Ip)在苯中的共聚反应,采用多种方法对序列分布、竞聚率和表观速率常数等进行测定.结果表明无调节剂下共聚物链中异戊二烯的插入量远多于DPE-SiH,DPESiH主要分布在聚合物链末端,得到了一种梯度共聚物,竞聚率rIp=9.28,2种单体的表观速率常数分别为KD=0.00134 min^?1,KIp=0.01421 min^?1,Ip在无调节剂条件下的共聚中表现出高活性.同时研究了添加调节剂(N′N'N'N-四甲基乙二胺(TMEDA)和叔丁醇钾(t-BuOK))后的共聚物链中的序列分布,加入调节剂TMEDA和t-BuOK后得到了交替共聚物,实现了DPE-SiH和Ip单元在共聚物链中的序列调控,且对链中Ip单元的微观结构含量进行了调控,对形成交替共聚物的原因做了探讨,并通过Gaussian模拟探究了活性中心对Ip微观结构具有选择性的机理以及调节剂对活性中心的作用机理.     

A General Strategy To Access Alternating Styrene/Substituted Styrene Copolymers by Using a Traceless Controlling Group

We herein report a synthetic strategy for alternating copolymers of styrene and substituted styrenes by utilizing α-styryl boronate pinacol ester ( StBpin ) as the co-monomer through radical alternating copolymerization followed by protodeboronation. The excellent alternating polymerization behavior of the StBpin co-monomer in such a radical polymerization system is considered to be attributed to the steric hindrance and radical stabilization exerted by the Bpin group. This strategy is effective with a wide range of substituted styrene co-monomers regardless of the electronic nature of the substituents, and the protodeboronation of the alternating Bpin-containing polymers is highly efficient without polymer backbone alternation. RAFT living polymerization was also compatible with this approach. Thus, this strategy provides a way to build-up alternating copolymers consisting of similar styrene-type co-monomers, which has been inaccessible by conventional synthetic methods.     

计算高维带弱奇异核发展型方程的交替方向隐式欧拉方法

本文主要研究高维带弱奇异核的发展型方程的交替方向隐式(ADI)差分方法.向后欧拉(Euler)方法联立一阶卷积求积公式处理时间方向的离散,有限差分方法处理空间方向的离散,并进一步构造了ADI全离散差分格式.然后将二维问题延伸到三维问题,构造三维空间问题的ADI差分格式.基于离散能量法,详细证明了全离散格式的稳定性和误差分析.随后给出了2个数值算例,数值结果进一步验证了时间方向的收敛阶为一阶,空间方向的收敛阶为二阶,和理论分析结果一致.     

电化学阻抗谱研究染料/Al2O3交替组装结构的光伏特性及作用机理

使用Al₂O₃和N3染料制备了一种交替组装的结构, 该结构能够提高染料敏化太阳能电池(DSCs)的开路电压(V_oc), 短路电流(J_sc)和转换效率(η). 为了研究(染料/Al₂O₃)交替组装结构的作用机理, 使用电化学阻抗谱技术分析了电池的界面电阻. 分析结果表明, 随着交替组装结构中(染料/Al₂O₃)单元的增加, 光阳极/染料/电解质界面的电阻降低, 电池性能随之提高. 基于电化学阻抗谱分析结果, 建立了一系列的等效电路模型, 从理论上解释了(染料/Al₂O₃)交替组装结构的作用机理.     

空间高频交变磁场对超导块材悬浮力影响研究

高温超导磁悬浮装置,如磁悬浮列车和磁悬浮轴承在高速运行时,空间磁场交变及不均匀性扰动会引发超导块材内部损耗并影响性能,传统均匀时变磁场实验研究及仿真模拟无法满足实际工程应用情况.本文通过设计不同永磁阵列得到不同波形,在高速系统驱动下得到不同交变频率下超导块材损耗特性,发现全波型损耗较半波型损耗高,并研究了不同磁场构型悬浮力衰减特性,可为高速超导磁浮应用提供实验依据.     

A highly sensitive aptasensor for on‐site detection of lipopolysaccharides in food

A rapid, low‐cost, highly sensitive, and specific capacitive aptasensor is presented for detection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Exposure to LPS could cause fever, gram‐negative sepsis, septic shock, and eventual death. Hence, rapid, low cost, and sensitive detection of LPS is pivotal for the safety of food, pharmaceutical, and medical devices and products. In this work, a capacitive sensing method based on alternating current electrokinetics is developed to achieve rapid and specific detection of LPS. This method uses an alternating current signal for two purposes. One is to induce positive dielectrophoresis, which attracts LPS toward the sensor electrodes’ surface and accelerates its binding with the immobilized aptamer probe. The other purpose is to simultaneously sense the binding reaction by measuring the interfacial capacitance change on the electrodes’ surface. The testing procedures and instrumentation setup of this sensing platform are significantly simplified while finding quantitative concentrations of both analytical and complex samples within 30 s. When testing analytical samples of LPS from Escherichia coli O55:B5, a LOD of 4.93 fg/mL is achieved. The recovery analysis is also performed with LPS spiked in a complex matrix and good recovery rates are demonstrated. This work provides an affordable and field‐deployable platform for highly sensitive and real‐time LPS detection.     

基于APTLD的猪肉中莱克多巴胺残留含量的三维同步荧光光谱快速测定

应用三维同步荧光光谱法结合交替惩罚三线性分解(APTLD)来建立猪肉中莱克多巴胺残留含量的定量测定模型,以实现猪肉中莱克多巴胺残留含量的快速测定。首先分析了莱克多巴胺的荧光光谱产生机理和样本的三维同步荧光光谱;其次对猪肉提取液中的莱克多巴胺荧光的浓度猝灭现象进行了分析;然后应用核一致诊断法确定了APTLD的三线性分解组分数为2,并建立了猪肉提取液中莱克多巴胺的相对荧光峰值强度与训练样本中莱克多巴胺的相对荧光峰值强度之间的标定曲线,用于待测样本中的相对荧光峰值强度的校正;最后,建立了基于APTLD的猪肉中莱克多巴胺残留含量的三维同步荧光光谱预测模型。试验结果表明,该方法可以较好的解决猪肉样本中莱克多巴胺与背景之间的同步荧光光谱严重重叠的问题,省去了一些烦琐的“化学分离”过程,模型预测集的决定系数(R2)和均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.986 3和0.496 6 mg·L-1,达到了猪肉中莱克多巴胺残留含量快速定量测定目的。     

Alternating Direction Implicit Orthogonal Spline Collocation on Non-Rectangular Regions

The alternating direction implicit (ADI) method is a highly efficient technique for solving multi-dimensional time dependent initial-boundary value problems on rectangles. When the ADI technique is coupled with orthogonal spline collocation (OSC) for discretization in space, we not only obtain the global solution efficiently, but the discretization error with respect to space variables can be of an arbitrarily high order. In [2], we used a Crank Nicolson ADI OSC method for solving general nonlinear parabolic problems with Robin's boundary conditions on rectangular polygons and demonstrated numerically the accuracy in various norms. A natural question that arises is: Does this method have an extension to non-rectangular regions? In this paper, we present a simple idea of how the ADI OSC technique can be extended to some such regions. Our approach depends on the transfer of Dirichlet boundary conditions in the solution of a two-point boundary value problem (TPBVP). We illustrate our idea for the solution of the heat equation on the unit disc using piecewise Hermite cubics.     

Living Alternating Ring-Opening Metathesis Copolymerization of 2,3-Dihydrofuran to Provide Completely Degradable Polymers

2,3-Dihydrofuran (DHF) has recently been gaining significant attention as a comonomer in metathesis polymerization, thanks to its ability to provide the resultant polymer backbones with stimuli-responsive degradability. In this report, we present living alternating copolymerization of DHF with less reactive endo-tricyclo[4.2.2.0^2,5]deca-3,9-dienes (TDs) and endo-oxonorbornenes (oxoNBs). By carefully controlling the reactivity of both the Ru initiators and the monomers, we have achieved outstanding A, B-alternation (up to 98 %) under near stoichiometric DHF loading conditions. Notably, we have also found that the use of a more sterically hindered Ru initiator helps to attain polymer backbones with higher DHF incorporation and superior A, B-alternation. While preserving the living characteristics of DHF copolymerization, as evidenced by controlled molecular weights (up to 73.9 kDa), narrow dispersities (down to 1.05), and block copolymer formation, our DHF copolymers could be broken down to a single repeat unit level under acidic conditions. ¹H NMR analysis of the model copolymer revealed that after 24 hours of degradation, up to 80 % of the initial polymer was transformed into a single small molecule product, and after purification, up to 66 % of the degradation product was retrieved. This study provides a versatile approach to improve the alternation and degradability of DHF copolymers.