Growth and characteristics of reactive pulsed laser deposited molybdenum trioxide thin films

Molybdenum trioxide thin films were prepared by reactive pulsed laser deposition on Corning 7059 glass substrates. The influence of oxygen partial pressure and deposition temperature on the structure, surface morphology and optical properties of these films was studied to understand the growth mechanism of MoO₃ thin films. The films formed at 473 K in an oxygen partial pressure of 100 mTorr exhibited predominantly a (0k0) orientation, corresponding to an orthorhombic layered structure of α-MoO₃. The evaluated optical band gap of the films was 3.24 eV. The crystallite size increased with increase of deposition temperature. The films formed at an oxygen partial pressure of pO₂=100 mTorr and at a deposition temperature greater than 700 K exhibited both (0k0) and (0kl) orientations, representing α-β mixed phases of MoO₃. The films formed at an oxygen partial pressure less than 100 mTorr were found to be sub-stoichiometric with α-β mixed phases. The investigation revealed the growth of polycrystalline and single-phase orthorhombic-layered-structure α-MoO₃ thin films with composition nearly approaching the nominal stoichiometry at moderate substrate temperatures in an oxygen partial pressure of 100 mTorr. Received: 9 April 2001 / Accepted: 6 August 2001 / Published online: 17 October 2001     

Picard type theorems concerning certain small functions

Let f(z) be a meromorphic function in the complex plane, whose zeros have multiplicity at least k + 1(k ≥ 2). If sin z is a small function with respect to f(z), then f~(k)(z)-P(z) sin z has infinitely many zeros in the complex plane, where P(z) is a nonzero polynomial of deg(P(z)) ≠ 1.     

An approach to computer control for legged vehicles

Observation of the locomotion of animals and human beings in difficult terrain makes it quite obvious that legged locomotion offers substantial mobility advantages over conventional wheeled or tracked systems. However, effective adaptation of legged locomotion principles to off-road vehicles has to date been frustrated by the complexity of the joint coordination control problem and by the lack of suitable sources of power for individual leg joints. This paper is addressed to the first problem and is intended to show that some of the techniques used in aircraft autopilots can be adapted to legged vehicle control. The main results presented are derived from a computer simulation study of a system in which vehicle speed and direction are determined by a human operator while individual joint commands are generated automatically by a digital computer. Present indications are that such a vehicle might be as easy to control as a conventional wheeled or tracked automotive system.     

Modeling droplet dispersion and interphase turbulent kinetic energy transfer using a new dual-timescale Langevin model

Dispersion of spray droplets and the modulation of turbulence in the ambient gas by the dispersing droplets are two coupled phenomena that are closely linked to the evolution of global spray characteristics, such as the spreading rate of the spray and the spray cone angle. Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of turbulent gas flows laden with sub-Kolmogorov size particles, in the absence of gravity, report that dispersion statistics and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) evolve on different timescales. Furthermore, each timescale behaves differently with Stokes number, a non-dimensional flow parameter (defined in this context as the ratio of the particle response time to the Kolmogorov timescale of turbulence) that characterizes how quickly a particle responds to turbulent fluctuations in the carrier or gas phase. A new dual-timescale Langevin model (DLM) composed of two coupled Langevin equations for the fluctuating velocities, one for each phase, is proposed. This model possesses a unique feature that the implied TKE and velocity autocorrelation in each phase evolve on different timescales. Consequently, this model has the capability of simultaneously predicting the disparate Stokes number trends in the evolution of dispersion statistics, such as velocity autocorrelations, and TKE in each phase. Predictions of dispersion statistics and TKE from the new model show good agreement with published DNS of non-evaporating and evaporating droplet-laden turbulent flow.     

Reactions of Ruthenium–Allenylidene Complexes Tethering a Cyclopropyl Group

Two cyclopropyl allenylidene complexes [Ru]=CCC(R)(C₃H₅) ([Ru]=[RuCp(PPh₃)₂], Cp=Cyclopentadienyl; R=thiophene ( 2a ) and R=Ph ( 2b )) are prepared from the reactions of [Ru]Cl with the corresponding 1‐cyclopropyl‐2‐propyn‐1‐ol in the presence of KPF₆. Thermal treatment, halide‐anion addition, and palladium‐catalyzed reactions of 2a and 2b all lead to a ring expansion of the cyclopropyl group, giving the vinylidene complexes 4a and 4b , respectively, each with a five‐membered ring. This ring expansion proceeds by C C bond formation between Cβ of the cumulative double bond and a methylene group of the cyclopropyl ring. In the reaction of 2a with pyrrole, consecutive formation of two C C bonds, one between C‐2 of pyrrole and Cγ of 2a and the other between C‐3 of pyrrole and Cα, results in the formation of 6a . The reaction proceeds by addition of pyrrole and 1,3‐proton shifts. The hydrogenation of 2a by NaBH₄ is carried out in different solvents. The cumulative double bonds are reduced regioselectively to give a mixture of 7a and 8a . Interestingly, use of different solvents leads to different ratios of 7a and 8a . Presence of a protic solvent like methanol in dichloromethane or chloroform solution increases the yield of 8a , thus revealing that both the rates of hydroboration and deboronation increase. The structures of two new complexes 4a and 6a have been firmly established by X‐ray diffraction analysis.     

Three kinematic representations for modeling of highly flexible beams and their applications

Presented here are three kinematic representations of large rotations for accurate modeling of highly flexible beam-like structures undergoing arbitrarily large three-dimensional elastic deformation and/or rigid-body motion. Different methods of modeling torsional deformation result in different beam theories with different mathematical characteristics. Each of these three geometrically exact beam theories fully accounts for geometric nonlinearities and initial curvatures by using Jaumann strains, exact coordinate transformations, and orthogonal virtual rotations. The derivations are presented in detail, a finite element formulation is included, fully nonlinear governing equations and boundary conditions are presented, and the corresponding form for numerically exact analysis using multiple shooting methods is also derived. These theories are compared in terms of their appropriate application areas, possible singular problems, and easiness for use in modeling and analysis of multibody systems. Nonlinear finite element analysis of a rotating beam and nonlinear multiple shooting analysis of a torsional bar are performed to demonstrate the capability and accuracy of these beam theories.     

大变形柔性多体系统非线性动力学数值仿真与实验研究

提出了一种作大范围运动柔性梁的非接触动态测试技术.在基于位移的柔性多体系统几何精确建模及非线性有限元分析技术的基础上,利用EAGLE-500运动分析系统及其相应的分析软件对作大范围运动钛合金柔性梁作了实验研究,并且利用之前提出的几何精确梁理论进行数值仿真.数值仿真结果与实验结果完全吻合,验证了作者所提的几何精确梁理论及...     

Study of magnetoresistance and conductance of bicrystal grain boundary in La0.67Ba0.33MnO3 thin film

La_0.67Ba_0.33MnO₃ (LBMO) thin film is deposited on a 36.7°C SrTiO₃ bicrystal substrate using laser ablation technique. A microbridge is created across bicrystal grain boundary and its characteristics are compared with a microbridge on the LBMO film having no grain boundary. Presence of grain boundary exhibits substantial magnetoresistance ratio (MRR) in the low field and low temperature region. Bicrystal grain boundary contribution in MRR disappears at temperature T>175 K. At low temperature, I-V characteristic of the microbridge across bicrystal grain boundary is nonlinear. Analysis of temperature dependence of dynamic conductance-voltage characteristics of the bicrystal grain boundary indicates that at low temperatures (T<175 K) carrier transport across the grain boundary in LBMO film is dominated by inelastic tunneling via pairs of manganese atoms and tunneling through disordered oxides. At higher temperatures (T>175 K), magnetic scattering process is dominating. Decrease of bicrystal grain boundary contribution in magnetoresistance with the increase in temperature is due to enhanced spin-flip scattering process.     

Isolation and characterization of a newly identified type II restriction endonuclease from a local streptomyces sp. in Taiwan

Streptomyces chusanensis ZS-2, isolated from a soil sample in Chusan in Taiwan, was found to produce a new Type II restriction endonuclease. This restriction enzyme was designated as SchI. The purified enzyme was characterized as having a subunit mol wt of 28 kDa, and was apparently free from exonuclease activities. It cleaves the phosphodiester bond between the fourth C and the fifth G on the 5’-CCGCGG-3’ sequence of DNAs, leaving a 2-nucleotide protruding end at its 3’ site. This data suggests that SchI is an isoschizomer of SacII. In addition, based on the comparison between SchI and SacII regarding reaction parameters, it seems that SchI is a better choice of restriction enzyme for genetic analysis and mapping.     

Efficient Synthesis of 3—N—Phthaloyl Homophenylalanine Lactone

A new method for the synthesis of 3-N-phthaloyl homophenylalanine lactone has been developed and its mechanism was proposed.