Densities and Volumetric Properties of Butyl Acrylate + 1-Butanol, or +2-Butanol, or +2-Methyl-1-propanol, or +2-Methyl-2-propanol Binary Mixtures at Temperatures from 288.15 to 318.15 K

The densities, ρ, of binary mixtures of butyl acrylate with 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, and 2-methyl-2-propanol, including those of the pure liquids, were measured over the entire composition range at temperatures of (288.15, 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15, and 318.15) K and atmospheric pressure. From the experimental data, the excess molar volume $ V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}} $ V m E , partial molar volumes $ \overline{V}_{\text{m,1}} $ V ¯ m,1 and $ \overline{V}_{\text{m,2}} $ V ¯ m,2 , and excess partial molar volumes $ \overline{V}_{\text{m,1}}^{\text{E}} $ V ¯ m,1 E and $ \overline{V}_{\text{m,2}}^{\text{E}} $ V ¯ m,2 E , were calculated over the whole composition range as were the partial molar volumes $ \overline{V}_{\text{m,1}}^{^\circ } $ V ¯ m,1 ° and $ \overline{V}_{\text{m,2}}^{^\circ } $ V ¯ m,2 ° , and excess partial molar volumes $ \overline{V}_{\text{m,1}}^{{^\circ {\text{E}}}} $ V ¯ m,1 ° E and $ \overline{V}_{\text{m,2}}^{{^\circ {\text{E}}}} $ V ¯ m,2 ° E , at infinite dilution,. The $ V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}} $ V m E values were found to be positive over the whole composition range for all the mixtures and at each temperature studied, indicating the presence of weak (non-specific) interactions between butyl acrylate and alkanol molecules. The deviations in $ V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}} $ V m E values follow the order: 1-butanol < 2-butanol < 2-methyl-1-propanol < 2-methyl-2-propanol. It is observed that the $ V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}} $ V m E values depend upon the position of alkyl groups in alkanol molecules and the interactions between butyl acrylate and isomeric butanols decrease with increase in the number of alkyl groups at α-carbon atom in the alkanol molecules.     

Phagocytosis of PLGA microparticles in rat peritoneal exudate cells: a time-dependent study.

With the purpose of enhancing the efficacy of microparticle-encapsulated therapeutic agents, in this study we evaluated the phagocytic ability of rat peritoneal exudate cells and the preferential location of poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles inside these cells. The microparticles used were produced by a solvent evaporation method and were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Size distribution analysis using DLS and SEM showed that the particles were spherical, with diameters falling between 0.5 and 1.5 mum. Results from cell adhesion by SEM assay, indicated that the PLGA microparticles are not toxic to cells and do not cause any distinct damage to them as confirmed by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. Among the large variety of cell populations found in the peritoneal exudates (neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and macrophages), TEM showed that only the latter phagocytosed PLGA microparticles, in a time-dependent manner. The results obtained indicate that the microparticles studied show merits as possible carriers of drugs for intracellular delivery.     

Sample path methods in the control of queues

Sample path methods are now among the most used techniques in the control of queueing systems. However, due to the lack of mathematical formalism, they may appear to be non-rigorous and even sometimes mysterious. The goal of this paper is threefold: to provide a general mathematical setting, to survey the most popular sample path methods including forward induction, backward induction and interchange arguments, and to illustrate our approach through the study of a number of classical scheduling and routing optimization problems arising in queueing theory.Z. Liu was supported in part by the CEC DG XIII under the ESPRIT BRA grants QMIPS.P. Nain was supported in part by NSF under grant NCR-9116183 and by the CEC DG XIII under the ESPRIT BRA grants QMIPS.D. Towsley was supported in part by NSF under grant NCR-9116183.     

Qualitative properties of the Erlang blocking model with heterogeneous user requirements

We study the effect of increasing the model parameters (e.g., arrival rates and traffic intensities) in the Erlang blocking model with heterogeneous user requirements. First-order (monotonicity) and second-order (concavity) qualitative results are obtained for the performance measures of interest (loss probabilities, throughput, channel occupancy, etc.) both in the transient and in the steady-state cases. Stochastic and likelihood-ratio orderings together with coupling techniques are used to indicate the effect of modifying the model parameters. Work performed while the author was visiting the Department of Systems Engineering of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.     

On the value function of a priority queue with an application to a controlled polling model

We give a closed-form expression for the discounted weighted queue length and switching costs of a two-class single-server queueing model under a preemptive priority rule. These expressions are used to do a single step of policy iteration in a polling model with a dynamically controlled switching rule, starting from the preemptive priority rule. Numerical experiments show that this leads to a policy that performs well.     

Pyrrolidine-carbamate based new and efficient chiral organocatalyst for asymmetric Michael addition of ketones to nitroolefins

The novel ((S)-pyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl phenylcarbamate was synthesized and used as an efficient organocatalyst for the asymmetric Michael addition of cyclic/acyclic ketones to nitroolefins. Interestingly, the resulting Michael adducts were obtained in good to high yields (up to 96%) with excellent stereoselectivity (ee up to >99%, dr up to >99:1) without using any additive.     

Viscosities and Refractive Indices of Binary Mixtures of Dimethylsulphoxide with Some Aromatic Hydrocarbons at Different Temperatures: An Experimental and Theoretical Study

The viscosities, η, and refractive indices, n, of pure dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), benzene, toluene, o‐xylene, m‐xylene, p‐xylene and mesitylene, and those of their 54 binary mixtures, with DMSO as common component, covering the whole composition range have been measured at 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15, and 318.15 K. From the experimental data, the deviations in viscosity, Δη and deviations in molar refraction, ΔR_m have been calculated. The variation of these parameters with composition and temperature of the mixtures have been discussed in terms of molecular interaction in these mixtures. The effect of the number and position of the methyl groups in these aromatic hydrocarbons on molecular interactions in these mixtures has also been discussed. The free energies, ΔG^*, enthalpies, ΔH^* and entropies, ΔS^* of activation of viscous flow have also been obtained by using Eyring viscosity equation. The ΔH^* values were found independent of temperature. The dependence of these thermodynamic parameters on composition of the mixtures has been discussed. Further, the viscosities and refractive indices of these binary mixtures were calculated theoretically from pure component data by using various empirical and semi‐empirical relations and the results were compared with the experimental findings.     

Measurement of the concentration diffusion coefficient for Ne-Ar, Ne-Xe, Ne-H2, Xe-H2, H2-N2 and H2-O2 gas systems

The concentration diffusion coefficient, D ₁₂, is measured for the equimolar mixtures of Ne-Ar, Ne-Xe, Ne-H₂, Xe-H₂, H₂-N₂ and H₂-O₂ binary gas systems in a two-bulb metal apparatus in the temperature range 0 C to 100 C. These values are compared with the existing data on these systems and with the predictions of the kinetic theory in conjunction with the modified Buckingham exp-six potential. Unlike the thermal diffusion coefficient, with the simple theory it is possible to predict D ₁₂ within a few percent even for systems involving polyatomic gases. The smoothed experimental D ₁₂ values are also used to obtain data for the coefficients of viscosity and thermal conductivity at round temperatures and compositions for these systems.Nomenclature C ₂ ^t relative amount of a gas in the mixture in the bulb 2 at an instant t - C ₂ relative amount of the same gas in the mixture in the bulb 2 at equilibrium - D ₁₂ diffusion coefficient - X ₁ mole-fraction of the heavier component in the mixture - _mix viscosity coefficient - _mix thermal conductivity coefficient     

Measurement of the concentration diffusion coefficient for Ne-Ar,Ne-Xe,Ne-H2, Xe-H2, H2-N2 and H2-O2 gas systems

The concentration diffusion coefficient, D ₁₂, is measured for the equimolar mixtures of Ne-Ar, Ne-Xe, Ne-H₂, Xe-H₂, H₂-N₂ and H₂-O₂ binary gas systems in a two-bulb metal apparatus in the temperature range 0 C to 100 C. These values are compared with the existing data on these systems and with the predictions of the kinetic theory in conjunction with the modified Buckingham exp-six potential. Unlike the thermal diffusion coefficient, with the simple theory it is possible to predict D ₁₂ within a few percent even for systems involving polyatomic gases. The smoothed experimental D ₁₂ values are also used to obtain data for the coefficients of viscosity and thermal conductivity at round temperatures and compositions for these systems.