高斯光束照射下的等倾双光束干涉

根据等倾干涉原理，对高斯光束经薄膜反射后的光强、可见度、条纹分布进行了理论分析，讨论了入射角对光强、可见度分布的影响，相位角对条纹可见度的影响.数值模拟计算表明：沿着垂直于光传播方向的平面，反射光束叠加区域为一圆斑，随着入射角的增大，可见度逐渐减小，光强分布偏离了高斯分布，光斑变大，峰值减小.干涉条纹在空间的分布类似于平面波的薄膜等倾干涉，主要由入射角及薄膜厚度决定.     

基于前向近红外散射光谱测量雾和雨天大气消光的应用研究

在可见和近红外区,由于大气的吸收作用忽略不计,大气消光由散射决定,主要贡献来自于雾滴、雨滴、其他形式降水和小粒子。基于前向近红外散射光谱的前向散射式能见度仪(FVM)采用近红外的LED光源照射到约100 mL的空气体积上,并测量前向30°～36°范围内的粒子的散射光强。由于该前向角范围内,雾滴和霾粒子的散射相函数不受粒子尺寸分布的影响,经过波长校正后,散射强度与大气消光系数成正比,该散射消光比通过对比标准人工观测值获得。然而,在把雾和霾的散射消光比应用到雨天测量时,会产生难以接受的误差。要得到雨天消光的准确测量,就需要找到适合雨滴的散射消光比。基于Mie散射理论计算了不同尺寸分布下的雾滴和雨滴的散射相函数,并对雾天和雨天下FVM的测量值与人工实际观测值进行了对比分析,发现FVM在雨天的消光要比人工观测值高出约20%～60%。根据测量结果,可以定出FVM在雨天测量的校准系数,因此,基于前向近红外散射光谱的FVM不仅能够测量雾天的大气消光,还能对雨天的消光进行较准确的估算     

The visibility graph of congruent discs is Hamiltonian

We show that the visibility graph of a set of disjoint congruent discs in is Hamiltonian, as long as the discs are not all supported by the same line. The proof is constructive, and leads to efficient algorithms for obtaining a Hamilton circuit.     

Searching for mobile intruders in circular corridors by two 1-searchers

We consider the problem of searching for a mobile intruder in a circular corridor by two mobile searchers, who hold one flashlight. A circular corridor is a polygon with one polygonal hole such that its outer and inner boundaries are mutually weakly visible. Both 1-searchers always direct their flashlights at the inner boundary. The objective is to decide whether there exists a search schedule for two 1-searchers to detect the intruder, no matter how fast he moves, and if so, generate a search schedule. We give a characterization of the circular corridors, which are searchable by two 1-searchers. Based on our characterization, an O(nlogn) time algorithm is then presented to determine the searchability of a circular corridor, where n denotes the total number of vertices of the outer and inner boundaries. Moreover, a search schedule can be reported in time linear in its size, if it exists.     

Computer modelling and estimation of recruitment patterns of non-branching coral colonies at three sites in the Wakatobi Marine Park, S.E. Sulawesi, Indonesia; implications for coral reef conservation

We have studied growth and estimated recruitment of massive coral colonies at three sites, Kaledupa, Hoga and Sampela, separated by about 1.5 km in the Wakatobi Marine National Park, S.E. Sulawesi, Indonesia. There was significantly higher species richness (P<0.05), coral cover (P<0.05) and rugosity (P<0.01) at Kaledupa than at Sampela. A model for coral reef growth has been developed based on a rational polynomial function:

where dx/dt is an index of coral growth with time; W is the variable (for example, coral weight, coral length or coral area), up to the power of n in the numerator and m in the denominator; a₁……a_n and b₁…b_m are constants. The values for n and m represent the degree of the polynomial, and can relate to the morphology of the coral. The model was used to simulate typical coral growth curves, and tested using published data obtained by weighing coral colonies underwater in reefs on the south-west coast of Curaçao [‘Neth. J. Sea Res. 10 (1976) 285’]. The model proved an accurate fit to the data, and parameters were obtained for a number of coral species. Surface area data was obtained on over 1200 massive corals at three different sites in the Wakatobi Marine National Park, S.E. Sulawesi, Indonesia. The year of an individual's recruitment was calculated from knowledge of the growth rate modified by application of the rational polynomial model. The estimated pattern of recruitment was variable, with little numbers of massive corals settling and growing before 1950 at the heavily used site, Sampela, relative to the reef site with little or no human use, Kaledupa, and the intermediate site, Hoga. There was a significantly greater sedimentation rate at Sampela than at either Kaledupa (P<0.0001) or Hoga (P<0.0005). The relative mean abundance of fish families present at the reef crests at the three sites, determined using digital video photography, did not correlate with sedimentation rates, underwater visibility or lack of large non-branching coral colonies. Radial growth rates of three genera of non-branching corals were significantly lower at Sampela than at Kaledupa or at Hoga, and there was a high correlation (r=0.89) between radial growth rates and underwater visibility. Porites spp. was the most abundant coral over all the sites and at all depths followed by Favites (P<0.04) and Favia spp. (P<0.03). Colony ages of Porites corals were significantly lower at the 5 m reef flat on the Sampela reef than at the same depth on both other reefs (P<0.005). At Sampela, only 2.8% of corals on the 5 m reef crest are of a size to have survived from before 1950. The Scleractinian coral community of Sampela is severely impacted by depositing sediments which can lead to the suffocation of corals, whilst also decreasing light penetration resulting in decreased growth and calcification rates. The net loss of material from Sampela, if not checked, could result in the loss of this protective barrier which would be to the detriment of the sublittoral sand flats and hence the Sampela village.     

Observation and analysis of near-surface atmospheric aerosol optical properties in urban Beijing

Year-round measurements of the mass concentration and optical properties of fine aerosols (PM_2.5) from June 2009 to May 2010 at an urban site in Beijing were analyzed. The annual mean values of the PM_2.5 mass concentration, absorption coefficient (Ab), scattering coefficient (Sc) and single scattering albedo (SSA) at 525 nm were 67 ± 66 μg/m³, 64 ± 62 Mm⁻¹, 360 ± 405 Mm⁻¹ and 0.82 ± 0.09, respectively. The bulk mass absorption efficiency and scattering efficiency of the PM_2.5 at 525 nm were 0.78 m²/g and 5.55 m²/g, respectively. The Ab and Sc showed a similar diurnal variation with a maximum at night and a minimum in the afternoon, whereas SSA displayed an opposite diurnal pattern. Significant increases in the Ab and Sc were observed in pollution episodes caused by the accumulation of pollutants from both local and regional sources under unfavorable weather conditions. Aerosol loadings in dust events increased by several times in the spring, which had limited effects on the Ab and Sc due to the low absorption and scattering efficiency of dust particles. The frequency of haze days was the highest in autumn because of the high aerosol absorption and scattering under unfavorable weather conditions. The daily PM_2.5 concentration should be controlled to a level lower than 64 μg/m³ to prevent the occurrence of haze days according to its exponentially decreased relationship with visibility.     

Effect of chemical composition of PM_(2.5) on visibility in Guangzhou,China,2007 spring

The object of this study was to investigate the correlation of visibility with chemical composition of PM2.5 in Guangzhou. In April 2007, 28 PM2.5 samples were collected daily at the monitoring station of the South China Institute of Environmental Sciences (SCIES), in urban Guangzhou. Water-soluble ionic species (Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, NH4+, K+, Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) and carbonaceous contents (OC and EC) of the PM2.5 samples were determined to characterize their impact on visibility impairment. The results showed that sulfate was the dominant species that affected both light scattering and visibility. The average percentage contributions of the visibility-degrading species to light scattering coefficient were 40% for sulfate, 16% for nitrate, 22% for organics, and 22% for elemental carbon. Because of its foremost effect on visibility, sulfate reduction in PM2.5 would effectively improve the visibility of Guangzhou.     

Effect of chemical composition of PM2.5 on visibility in Guangzhou,China, 2007 spring

The object of this study was to investigate the correlation of visibility with chemical composition of PM2.5 in Guangzhou. In April 2007, 28 PM2.5 samples were collected daily at the monitoring station of the South China Institute of Environmental Sciences （SCIES）, in urban Guangzhou. Water-soluble ionic species （CI^-, NO3^-, SO4^2-, NH4^＋, K^＋, Na^＋, Ca^2＋, and Mg^2＋） and carbonaceous contents （OC and EC） of the PM2.5 samples were determined to characterize their impact on visibility impairment. The results showed that sulfate was the dominant species that affected both light scattering and visibility. The average percentage contributions of the visibility-degrading species to light scattering coefficient were 40% for sulfate, 16% for nitrate, 22% for organics, and 22% for elemental carbon. Because of its foremost effect on visibility, sulfate reduction in PM2.5 would effectively improve the visibility of Guangzhou.     

低透过率下隧道照明亮度对能见度的影响

为了研究低透过率下隧道照明亮度对能见度的影响,为低透过率条件下隧道照明亮度的调节提供依据,分别以两种不同光谱特性的摄像机作为观测装置获得了透过率、照明亮度、目标/背景对比度三者之间的变化关系.实验结果表明:目标/背景对比度随照明亮度的增加而增加,两者呈非线性关系;透过率限定了目标/背景对比度所能达到的最大值;在一定的亮度范围内,提高亮度增加目标/背景对比度可以有效改善能见度.当照明亮度较高时,提高照明亮度对能见度影响不大;当照明亮度较低时,提高照明亮度对能见度提高的效果明显.因此,根据透过率按比例调节照明亮度能保证能见度和行车安全.     

Computing a flattest, undercut-free parting line for a convex polyhedron, with application to mold design

A parting line for a polyhedron is a closed curve on its surface, which identifies the two halves of the polyhedron for which mold-boxes must be made. A parting line is undercut-free if the two halves that it generates do not contain facets that obstruct the de-molding of the polyhedron. Computing an undercut-free parting line that is as “flat” as possible is an important problem in mold design. In this paper, algorithms are presented to compute such a parting line for a convex polyhedron, based on different flatness criteria.