何首乌及其提取物的漫反射和衰减全反射红外光谱研究

采用漫反射和衰减全反射两种红外光谱分析何首乌及其提取物。结果表明,以丙酮为提取剂时,何首乌其提取物中,韧皮部的有效成分含量最高,木质部的有效成分含量最低;通过两种方式的比较,发现何首乌及提取物的红外谱图存在一定的差异,何首乌在3 576和3 147cm-1有两个平缓的吸收峰,而提取物则在3 351cm-1有一强吸收峰,表明提取物中的OH…活性成分较多;同时,何首乌在931,859,766和709cm-1处有明显的吸收,而其提取物则没有,这也表明提取的是活性成分。     

DRIFTS study of different gas adsorption for CO selective oxidation on Cu-Zr-Ce-O catalysts

The adsorptions of different gases (CO, H₂ and O₂) in the hydrogen-rich gas on the co-precipitated Cu-Zr-Ce-O catalyst were discussed and the active sites were ascertained with infrared spectroscopy technique. It was shown that the adsorption strength of CO was stronger than that of O₂ or H₂. Hydrogen and CO were competitive adsorption and the coexistence H₂ and CO on the surface accelerated the rate of CO desorption. Adsorbed H₂ could convert into geminal OH groups on the ceria surface at high temperatures in the absence of oxygen, while it was easy to form surface hydroxyl groups at low temperatures and condensed to physical water with increasing desorption temperature in the existence of oxygen. The adsorption of CO₂ was strong and it could transform into thermal stable carbonate species even in the reaction conditions. The active sites of the Cu-Zr-Ce-O catalyst were Cu²⁺ and Cu⁺, mainly the latter. The oxygen defect sites could be formed on the Cu-Zr-Ce-O catalyst surface through dehydration and decarboxylation.     

Deep oxidation in propane oxidative dehydrogenation to propene over V2O5/γ-Al2O3 studied by in-situ DRIFTS

In-situ DRIFTS was used to study the deep oxidation of propane, a side reaction during propane oxidative dehydrogenation to propene. Strong adsorption of propene was supposed to be the main reason for the deep oxidation. It was found that gaseous oxygen in the feed and the reaction temperature had great influence on the reaction. To obtain a relative high selectivity to propene, the reaction temperature should be maintained at 150250 °C with a proper content of gaseous oxygen in the feed for a certain catalyst and some modifiers which could weaken the adsorption of propene on the catalyst surface would be favorable.     

负载Pd基碳二选择加氢催化剂上乙炔加氢反应的原位红外光谱研究

以乙烯和乙炔为探针分子, 采用原位红外光谱技术研究了Pd-Ag/Al₂O₃和Pd/Al₂O₃催化剂上乙炔加氢反应, 通过乙炔吸附, 乙炔和氢的共吸附和交替吸附表征了催化剂表面吸附物种的变化. 结果表明, 在Pd-Ag/Al₂O₃催化体系中, 乙炔在Pd-Ag/Al₂O₃和Pd/Al₂O₃催化剂有着不同的吸附性能, 另外, 加氢反应会导致在催化剂表面形成由长分子链的烷烃组成的碳氢化合物层, 该吸附层与绿油有着相似的红外光谱特征, 最关键的是乙炔和氢的吸附顺序和碳氢化合物层的生成量之间存在着一定的关系, 这将直接影响催化剂的加氢性能.     

SO_2在TiO_2颗粒物表面的非均相反应

使用漫反射红外傅里叶变换光谱(DRIFTS)原位反应器研究了SO2在TiO2颗粒物表面的非均相反应.研究了氧气浓度、相对湿度(RH)及紫外光光照对反应的影响.结果表明,SO2在TiO2颗粒物上可转化为亚硫酸盐或被氧化为硫酸盐.水汽或者紫外光照可促进SO2在TiO2颗粒物表面的非均相氧化反应,在两者都存在的情况下,对促进硫酸盐的生成有协同效应.在干态无光照条件下和一定湿度(RH=40%)紫外光照条件下,以硫酸盐的生成来计算,SO2在TiO2颗粒物表面的反应级数分别为二级和一级;反应摄取系数γBET分别为1.94×10-6和1.35×10-5.TiO2颗粒物表面的羟基参与了反应,在紫外光照下表面生成的活性氧物种在反应中起重要作用.     

SO_2在ZnO颗粒物表面的非均相反应

使用原位漫反射红外傅里叶变换光谱(DRIFTS)研究了SO2在ZnO颗粒物表面的非均相反应,考察了相对湿度(RH)及紫外光光照对反应的影响.结果表明:无紫外光光照条件下,SO2在ZnO颗粒物表面反应的主要产物为亚硫酸盐,RH与生成的亚硫酸盐量呈负相关关系;有紫外光光照条件下,SO2在ZnO颗粒物表面反应的主要产物为亚硫酸盐和硫酸盐,随着相对湿度和紫外光照强度的增加,亚硫酸盐向硫酸盐转化.光照和水汽对SO2在ZnO颗粒物上的氧化反应起到协同促进作用.以亚硫酸盐生成量计算,干态无光条件下反应对SO2的级数为1.6,接近二级反应;在RH为40%且紫外光光照条件下,反应对SO2的级数为0.91,接近一级反应;使用BET比表面积作为反应有效面积,反应初始摄取系数在干态无光照条件和RH=40%且紫外光照条件下分别为4.87×10-6和2.29×10-5.     

掺杂碱金属与碱土金属的CuO-CeO_2催化剂的漫反射红外光谱分析

CuO-CeO2系列催化剂是高效的CO选择性氧化反应的催化剂,通过原位漫反射红外光谱对掺杂碱金属和碱土金属氧化物的CuO-CeO2催化剂表面的吸附物种进行了研究。结果表明CuO-CeO2系列催化剂上,2 106 cm-1处出现CO的红外吸附峰。在反应气氛中,此峰的强度随着温度先升高后降低,说明Cu+是CO主要的活性吸附中心。低温下催化剂表面吸附的CO主要以可逆形式脱附出来,而高温下CO则以不可逆的形式脱附出来。催化剂表面在3 660 cm-1处出现尖锐的红外峰,归属于CeO2经还原产生的Ce-(OH)2偕式基团。在1 568,2 838和2 948 cm-1附近处出现甲酸根的红外谱峰,以及1 257和1 633 cm-1处出现碳酸根物种的红外峰。甲酸根物种是气相的CO与表面的羟基反应生成的产物,该物种的C—H键断裂生成碳酸根物种,这两物种均会降低催化剂的高温活性。Cu1Li1Ce9Oδ催化剂出现较强的CO2和甲酸根的红外峰,温度高于180℃时,该催化剂上还能看到微弱的CO红外峰,说明锂离子的给电子性质有利于提高Cu1Li1Ce9Oδ催化剂上CO的不可逆脱附,抑制氢的活化吸附,同时促进了甲酸根物种的生成。低温下Cu1Mg1Ce9Oδ和Cu1Ba1Ce9Oδ催化剂上CO的吸附量较多,但主要以可逆脱附形式脱附出来,对CO选择性氧化没有贡献。     

简易构筑Bi2Mo3O12@Bi2O2CO3异质结增强光催化脱除NO性能及其转化过程（英文）

电荷分离及转移是影响光催化效率的重要因素之一.本文采用简易的水热焙烧法,设计并构筑了Bi2Mo3O12@Bi2O2CO3(BMO@BOC)异质结,促进了光生载流子的分离与迁移,并优化了异质结构中的BMO与BOC的组分比例,其中BMO@BOC-1样品展现了最高的光催化脱除NO效率(~35%),且具有优异的循环稳定性.SEM与TEM结果表明,BMO@BOC-1样品是由超薄纳米片构成,可以提供丰富的反应活性位点,从而促进光催化反应的发生.HRTEM,XRD及Raman充分证明已成功合成不同组分比例的BMO@BOC异质结.同时, Raman与XPS结果表明, BMO@BOC异质结由Bi, O,C及Mo组成, XPS图谱中拟合峰位置的偏移是由异质结组分不同所致.值得注意的是, UV-visDRS结果表明,BMO@BOC-4具有最好的光谱吸收性能,但它与BMO@BOC-2和BMO@BOC-1样品的吸收带边相近,而PL结果则表明BMO@BOC-1具有更好的电荷分离性能,以及合适的组分比例,在一定程度上可以促进光吸收,并能最大限度的促进光生载流子的分离.BMO@BOC-1样品的ESR测试结果说明,·OH与·O2-的含量随着光照时间的延长而增加,证实了它们是光催化NO氧化的活性中间物种.另外,光催反应机制的研究在高效光催化剂的研发及其商业化应用中具有深远意义.本文还利用原位红外实时动态监测手段,采用"连续流测试法"与"间歇流测试法"直观动态地研究了BMO@BOC异质结催化剂表面光催化NO脱除反应过程.结果表明,在开灯前的吸附阶段于催化剂表面形成了NO-, NO2-以及NO2等中间产物,开灯后的氧化阶段出现终产物(NO3-).进一步深入分析,中间产物NO-和NO2-在氧化阶段会被氧化活性物种进一步氧化成NO3-,而中间产物NO2可能作为一种毒副产物影响NO的完全氧化.综上所述,本文将为理解NO氧化过程提供直观且动态的研究方法,对光催化技术的发展具有重要的指导意义.     

高温沉淀铁基催化剂上费托合成含氧化合物生成机理的研究

采用漫反射原位红外光谱法及化学捕获方法,考察了费托合成过程中高温沉淀铁基催化剂表面吸附物种的变化,并探讨了含氧化合物的生成机理。结果表明,CO在高温沉淀铁基催化剂上有线式和桥式两种吸附态存在,同时,CO的吸附在催化剂表面生成大量含氧化合物前驱体。费托原位实验捕获到了一些较关键的中间产物:表面乙酸盐、表面酰基、甲氧基等。同时发现高温沉淀铁基催化剂表面具有以下反应共性:醇类可与表面羟基结合生成烷氧基团;催化剂表面的吸附分子具有氧化性;一些基础化学物质如OH^-、晶格氧等可以与甲醇或乙醛分子发生反应。对CH₃OH + CO及CH₃I + CO + H₂两个反应的化学捕获实验表明,酰基是C₂⁺含氧化合物的重要中间产物,酰基加氢是形成C₂⁺含氧化合物的关键步骤。根据表面中间产物及反应特性,得到了高温沉淀铁基催化剂上费托合成含氧化合物的生成机理。     

The influence of sample area on diclofenac sodium quantification by diffuse reflectance IR spectroscopy

A procedure for the quantitative determination of diclofenac sodium (DS) in commercial capsules and tablets based on Partial Least Squares (PLS) treatment of diffuse reflectance FTIR spectroscopic (DRIFTS) data is described. Two DRIFTS accessories, a Collector II (Spectra-Tech) and a Seagull (Harrick Scientific), were used to collect the spectra. The spectrometer beam area on the surface of the sample was approximately sevenfold smaller for the Collector II accessory compared to the Seagull accessory. Spectra collection using the smaller beam spot resulted in significantly higher quantification errors for the single measurements. To reduce the errors associated with the Collector II accessory spectra were collected seven times while randomly changing the sample position. The mean spectra were used in the analysis. To compare the predictive ability of the constructed models, the relative standard errors of prediction (RSEP) were calculated. The RSEPs were 1.3-2.9% and 2.0-2.6% using the Collector II accessory and 1.0-1.5% and 1.1-1.7% using the Seagull accessory, for calibration and validation data sets, for the different PLS models. Three commercial preparations containing 20.5, 23.2 and 34.5% DS were successfully quantified using the developed models. The proposed procedure can be used as a fast, precise and economic method for DS quantification in tablets and capsules.